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Chapter 18 Part 1 Variation and Types

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Chapter 18 Part 1 Variation and Types

Uploaded by

Muhammad Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 18

Variation and selection


Brainstorming

• State few ways in


which cats are
different from one
another.

•Do all cats belong to


same species?
• Variation is the differences between individuals of

the same species.

• Genetic variations are those variation that can be

inherited and are determined by genes.

• Phenotypic variation may be brought about by

genes, but can also be caused by the environment,

or combination of both genes and environment.


Types of variation

There are two types of variation.

 Continuous variation
 Discontinuous variation.
CONTINOUS
VARIATION
•If you measured the heights of
all the pupils in your year group,
you would find a range of heights
from the shortest to the tallest. If
you divide the class into groups
(170cm to 179cm, etc.) you can
plot a frequency histogram. It
is likely that the mean height will
be in the middle of the range
and correspond to the group with
the largest number of people.
This type of distribution is called
a normal distribution
This type of variation is called
continuous variation
because there is a
continuous range of
heights from shortest to
tallest. There are many
genes that contribute to your
overall height.

But other factors such as the


quantity and quality of the
food you eat and the amount
of exercise you take
influence your height. Also,
people go through their growth
spurts at different ages, and
this will influence the results
you get from your class.
CONTINOUS VARIATION
 Continuous variation is influenced by a combination of
both genetic and environmental factors.

 Continuous variation results in a range of


phenotypes between two extremes, with no
distinct categories e.g., height in humans.

 There are all possible intermediates between very


short and very tall.
Continuous variation

PHENOTYPIC (CONTINUOUS) VARIATION ARE THESE CHARACTERISTICS


USUALLY CONTROLLED BY SEVERAL PAIRS ARE USUALLY
OF ALLELES AFFECTING THE SAME
QUANTITATIVE (CAN BE
CHARACTERISTIC AND CAN BE INFLUENCED
BY THE ENVIRONMENT. MEASURED).
• A line graph can be used to represent
Continuous continuous variation. Some examples
variation of continuous variation are : height.
weight.
Continuous
variation
E.g.
• There might be five pairs of
alleles for height –(Hh), (Tt),
(Ee), (Ll) and (Gg).
• Each dominant allele adding
4cm to your height.
• You could be 40cm taller than
a person who inherited all ten
recessive genes (hh, tt, etc.).
Continuous variation

Continuously variable characteristics are


greatly influenced by the environment.

A person may inherit genes for tallness


and yet not get enough food to grow tall.
Continuous variations in human populations,
such as height, physique and intelligence, are
always the result of interaction between the
genotype and the environment.
DISCONTINOUS
VARIATION
• Some people have attached ear
lobes. Other people’s ear lobes
are free and not attached. This
is an example of discontinuous
variation. In this type of
variation there is usually a small
number of phenotypes (e.g.,
attached and not attached ear
lobes) and no intermediates. If
you collect data about a feature
showing this type of variation,
you plot it as a bar chart
Discontinuous
variation

• Discontinuous variation,
the variations take the form
of distinct, alternative
phenotypes with no
intermediates.

• Discontinuous variation
results in a limited number
of phenotypes.
• Discontinuous variation results, usually, from the effects of
single pair of alleles or a small number of genes and cannot be
changed by the environment

• An organism either has the characteristic or it doesn’t have


it.

• These characteristics are


usually, qualitative i.e., they
cannot be measured.
•The ABO blood
group system is
another
example.
Everyone has an
ABO blood
group – it is
either A, B, AB
or O. There are
no
intermediates.
Discontinuous
variation is
represented by bar
graph.
Write down differences
between continuous and
discontinuous variation
and give three examples of
each.
Genetic variation may
be the result of new
combination of
genes in the zygote,
New or mutation.

combinati Sexual reproduction


ons of leads to variation .

genes It mixes up the genetic


material by crossing
over, Independent
assortment and
fertilization.
•Make a VENN diagram on
board to explain that
phenotypic variations may
be brought about by genes
but can also be cause by
environment or a
combination of both.
0610/03/M/J/07 Q-
5
• A genetic dwarf
cannot grow
taller by eating
more food. Is it
discontinuous
variation?

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