GOOD

MORNING
EVERYONE
!!!
 Classroom rules:

1. Raise your hand if you want to recite, stay

quiet unless you are told to talk;
2. Be mindful of your action,
4. Check your selves, your uniform, ID etc.
5. Keep your area clean.
 Pre –activity:

What is common in the situations above?

 Lesson 1:
Newtown
three Laws
of motion
 OBJECTIVES:
1.understand the timeline of the
significant development of the
concepts of force and motion;
2.Recognize a body exerts a force on
another, an equal amount of force is
exerted back on it;
3.Explain the three laws of motion of
newton’s.
 activity
Locate and circle the 15 words in the grid. Words
appear straight across, up, down and diagonally. Be
guided with the words you are to locate inside the
box at the right side.
Motion has been studied for centuries by many great
minds. Aristotle (284 – 322 B.C.) for example,
believed that a moving object needs a continuous
application of force to keep it moving. To him, an
object is naturally at rest. He believed that the greater
the force on the object, the greater is its speed. He
introduced the idea of impetus that keeps a body in
motion. John Philoponus (550 A.D.) conceptualized the
idea of surrounding force similar to inertia found in
Galileo’s idea and Newton’s First Law of Motion. He
first introduced “Theory of Impetus”, a concept
similar to force. According to the theory, when
impetus decreases, the speed of the object also
decreases. When that impetus is removed, the object
stops moving.
Jean Buridan (1300 -1358) also saw impetus as the cause
of movement. He further developed the “Theory of Impetus”
introduced by Philoponus. According to him, motion is
possible through a “mover” that keeps the object moving with
power proportional to the speed and mass of the object.
When the mover is removed, the object stops moving. He
later named impetus as force.
Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642), on the other hand,
disagreed to Aristotle. He claimed that even without
a continuous application of force, an object can
continue to move with constant speed in a straight
line provided there are no outside forces acting on it.
Finally, Sir Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727) used
Galileo’s ideas and eventually formulated the three
laws of motion.
Many phenomena can be explained by the use of
actual observation and simple common sense.
Many attempts have been done to provide a set of
ideas about motion as introduced. One of the
famous men who developed an explanation for
motion, which lasted for almost 2000 years, was the
Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). His
ideas were based on very common experiences.
Aristotle formulated the idea that, for an object to
move, a force must be exerted on it; but when this
force is removed, the object comes to rest.
Another important man is Galileo Galilei. In his
experiment, he let a perfectly round ball rolled down
an inclined surface and prepared three set ups under
ideal conditions (lack of friction and air resistance).
The following were his observations:

1. The ball is released at a

certain height. It speeds up
and, if it rolls up another
inclined surface of the same
slope, it slows down and
reaches the same height
(figure 2A).
2. In another set up (figure 2B), the ball
is released from the same height as
figure 2A. It speeds up and if it is rolling
up another inclined surface that is not
as steep as figure 2A, it slows down and
reaches the same height. However, it
covers a farther distance as it rolls up
the slope.
3. In the last set up, the ball is released
from the same height as figure 2A. This
time, it continues to roll in a flat
surface. The ball does not speed up nor
slow down (see
Figure 2C) as if it continues to move
forever.
Galileo concluded that in the absence of friction and air
resistance, the ball would continue rolling up to a height
above the base equal to the height from where it was
released. On a flat surface, the ball would continue to
move forever, since there would be no force to cause its
state of motion to change.
Galileo was the first to suggest that uniform speed
straight-line motion was just as natural as at-rest state of
motion. He called this tendency of an object to maintain
its initial state of motion as inertia.
Although Galileo did not fully explain motion, he took the
first important step that completely changed the world’s
view about motion of objects. Galileo greatly influenced
other scientists including Sir Isaac Newton who then
formulated the three laws of motion.
THREE LAWS
OF MOTION
 law of inertia
Newton’s first law of motion, the law of inertia, states
that, “an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in
motion will continue to move at constant velocity unless acted
upon by a net force.” The tendency of an object to maintain its
state of rest or of uniform velocity in a straight line is called
inertia. Mass is a measure of the inertia of an object. The
greater the mass of an object, the harder it is to move when it
is at rest, or difficult to stop when in motion.
A common example where inertia can be observed is when
you are on a bus. Initially, the bus is at rest. When it starts to
move, your body has the tendency to move backward. On the
other hand, when the bus suddenly stops, your body has the
tendency to move forward. When the bus either starts to
move or suddenly stops, your body has the tendency to
change your state of motion.
 law of acceleration
The second law of motion is the law of
acceleration which states that “the acceleration of an
object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and
is inversely proportional to the object’s mass. The direction
of the acceleration is in the direction of the net force acting
on the object.”
Newton’s second law of motion is expressed through

Σ𝐹⃗=𝑚𝑎⃗
the equation:

the algebraic sum. Σ𝐹⃗ stands for the net force acting on the
Recall from Module 1 that the symbol Σ (sigma) stands for

object, m for mass of the object and 𝑎⃗ for its acceleration.

The arrow above the letters F and a indicates that both have
magnitude and direction.
Table 1 shows the different units of mass, acceleration
and force involved in the second law of motion.
In the Philippines, Presidential
Decree No. 187 dated May 10,
1973, prescribes the use of the metric
system of weights and measures as the
standard measurement for all products
may it be commodities, materials,
utilities, services as well as in all
business and legal transactions. In this
module, Meter-Kilogram-Second (MKS)
units are mostly used. However, for
some problems you may convert the
unit from one system to another.
Study and understand the problems below.
Study and understand the problems below.
Study and understand the problems below.
 law of interaction
The third law of motion is the law of interaction which states
that “for every action, there is always an equal and opposite
reaction.” This law tells us that a force exerted on any object is
always exerted back by an equal magnitude of force but in
opposite direction. Always remember that in this law, forces
always come in pairs. These are called action and reaction
forces, and they do not act on the same body. In determining the
action and reaction forces, be able to identify first the action that
requires force, and then identify the reaction force that
counteracts the action force. An example of this is a boy pushing
a wall. When the boy pushes the wall (action), the wall exerts an
equal and opposite magnitude of force to the boy (reaction).
Another example is a horse pulling a calesa (action). The calesa
pulls an equal and opposite magnitude of force towards the horse
(reaction). Some more examples include hammering a nail,
 The Force of Gravity or Weight

In one of Galileo’s experiments, objects

dropped near the surface of the Earth would

is neglected. This acceleration is denoted by 𝒈⃗⃗⃗

fall with the same acceleration, if air resistance

with an approximate value of 9.8 m/s2 or 980

cm/ s2 or 32 ft/s2. The force that causes this
acceleration is called the force of gravity or
gravitational force. The force acts vertically

gravitational force on an object, 𝑭⃗⃗⃗𝒈,can be

downward toward the center of the Earth. The

expressed as

𝐹⃗𝑔 =𝑚 𝑔
where 𝑭⃗⃗⃗𝒈 is for gravitational force, m for
mass and 𝒈⃗⃗⃗ for acceleration due to gravity.
The direction of this force is always down
toward the center of the Earth. The
magnitude of the force of gravity on an
object, mg, is called the object’s weight,
symbolized by the letter W. When a person’s
mass is 40 kg, the computed weight is 392 N
(multiply the mass to g = 9.8 m/s2) on
Earth. His weight differs when he is on other
planets and satellites like the Moon.
THAN
K
YOU!
activities
 activity: newton first law of motion (law of inertia)
In your answer sheet, match the pictures to the statements that
describes the pictures found below. Write the letter of the correct
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The body will continue to move and so it will move forward until
something will stop it. _____________
2. As you hold on the handle, the force exerted by the train through the
handle gives your body forward velocity. ____________
3. Your body has inertia, and so a force is needed to change its velocity.
The train floor accelerates your feet but your body falls backward.
____________
 Activity 2: law of acceleration
Let us see how the second law is applied to the problems below.
 Activity 3: fill in the blank
Fill in the blanks with the correct term/s. Write your answers on
a separate sheet of paper.
 Activity 3: fill in the blank
Fill in the blanks with the correct term/s. Write your answers on
a separate sheet of paper.