Scribd
Upload
7 views

Methods of Philosophizing

Uploaded by

FS - Jenny Rose Narra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views

Methods of Philosophizing

Uploaded by

FS - Jenny Rose Narra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

METHODS OF

PHILOSOPHIZING
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
FACTS

• A fact is indisputable. Facts can be objectively


verified and proven through evidence. Facts
are not decided by how many people believe
in them. They are concrete realities that don’t
change.
• Facts are determined by objective, not
subjective, measurement. Over time, we
acknowledge facts. We don’t create them.
OPINIONS
 Opinions are value judgments that
expresses one’s feeling or view.
 They may or may not be supported by
facts. Opinions rely on assumptions and are
exceedingly dependent on the perspective
of those holding them.
 They are also highly temporal and can
TRUTH
 Truth is created by people to describe how
things really are. They are best described as a
state of belief that is thought to represent a
universal reality.
 We decide what truths we are willing to
believe in. They can arise from faith,
commitment, or experience. When like-
minded people agree as to a given
Various Philosophical Views on Truth
1. Something is true if it can be justified or proven
through the use of one’s senses
2. A belief or statement is true if it is based on
observable facts.
3. Truth is a product of agreement or consensus.
4. Something is true if it can be justified or proven
through an action.
5. A statement is truthful if it passes a test.
ASPECT TRUTH FACTS OPINIONS
A state of belief undeniable, Value judgments that
representing a objective realities express individual
universal reality, that can be verified feelings or views,
Definition created by people.
Truths are and proven through which may or may
not be supported by
subjective and can evidence. Facts are facts. They are
be based on not influenced by subjective and can
consensus or faith. beliefs or opinions. change over time.

Subjective; Objective; based on Subjective; varies


influenced by empirical evidence based on personal
Nature collective beliefs, and consistent perspective and
experiences, or regardless of belief. context.
faith.
ASPECT TRUTH FACTS OPINIONS

Can be justified or Can be objectively


proven through verified through May rely on
Verification various methods evidence and does assumptions and
like sensory not change is not necessarily
experience or regardless of verifiable.
consensus. opinion.

Can change if Highly temporal;


collective beliefs Does not change; can change
Changeability or new remains constant quickly with new
interpretations over time. information or
emerge. shifts in
perspective.
EXAMPLES
ACTIVITY
ARTICLE ANALYSIS
ARGUMENTS AND FALLACIES

 Arguments often take the form of statements are either


claims of facts and are phrased in such a way that they
seem reasonable.
 However, a number of arguments may be best on faulty
reasoning. This kind of arguments are called “FALLACIES “
some of this fallacies may be intentional, as the person
making the claim is desperate to convince you to accept his
or her arguments
DEFINITION OF TERMS

• Claims are statements that require further


examination to determine their truthfulness.
• Conclusions is a judgment base on certain facts.
• Belief are statements that express convictions that are
not easily or clearly explain by facts.
• Explanations are statements that assume the claim to
be true and to provide REASONS WHY the statements is
true.
FALLACIES
• Ad hominem. • Begging the question
• Cause-and-effect
• Appeal to force • Fallacy of composition
• Appeal to emotion • Fallacy of division
• Appeal to the popular
• Appeal to the
tradition
1. Ad hominem

Characteristics:
Attacking the person presenting the argument
instead of argument itself.

Example:
“Of course he believes that government is
flow, he is a revel and a communist!”
2.Appeal to force

Characteristics:
Using the treat a force or an undesirable event to
advance argument
Example:
“If this agreement will not be signed by the
government, then we will have no recourse but to go
to war.”
3. Appeal to emotion

Characteristics:
-using emotion such as pity or
sympathy

Example:
“All these charges is barbless; this I’d just plain harassment–
can’t you see how this is affecting my family? “
4. Appeal to the popular

Characteristics:
The idea presented as acceptable because a lot
of people accept it

Example:
“Every boy your age already has a
girlfriend, you should go find one!”
5. Appeal to tradition

Characteristics:
The idea is acceptable because it has been true
for a long time
Example:
“Marriage should be between a man and a woman.
It has been so far a long time in this country; it
should remain so today and in the future. “
6. Begging the question

Characteristics:
Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is
true; also known as “Circular argument “

Example:
“I have a right to free speech, therefore
you cannot stop me from talking. “
7. Cause–and–effect

Characteristics:
Assuming a “cause-and-effect “relationship
between unrelated events
Example:
Ever since you bought that sweater, everything has
been going wrong in your life. You should get rid of
it. “
8. Fallacy of composition

Characteristics:
Assuming that what is the true of a part is true
for the whole
Example:
“These cases of robbery in this district have
convinced me that the city has become a den of
thieves and animals.”
9. Fallacy of division

Characteristics:
Assuming that what is true for whole is true
for its parts

Example:
“You come from a family of doctors and intellectuals!
Surely you can do better in this course!”
REFERENCES

1. The difference between fact, opinion, and truth – admired


leadership. (2023, August 2). https://admiredleadership.com/field-
notes/the-difference-between-fact-opinion-and-truth/

You might also like