•MEDIEVAL INDIAN

HISTORY
 Delhi Sultanate (1206 – 1526 AD)

The Background of delhi sultanate

• Mohammad Bin Qasim of Iraq was the first muslim to invade

India.

• He defeated the ruler of Sindh. (dahir) (AD 712)

 Mahmud of Ghazni (Mahood Ghaznavi)
• Mahmud Ghaznavi was the eldest son of subuktigin,
born in AD 971 and ascended the throne in AD 998.

• Mahmud is said to have made 17 raids into India. In AD

1001, the Hindustani ruler Jaipal was defeated by
mahmud. (First expedition)
• In other expeditions Mahmud plundered Nagarkot,
Thaneshwar, Kannauj, Mathura & Somnath.

• He plundered Somnath temple in AD 1025.( Bhimdeva)

• In AD 1027, Mahmud defeated the Jats of Sindh. He
died in AD 1030. The objective of Mahmud’s expeditions
was to plunder and loot. He was not interested in
expanding his empire to India.
• He patronised three persons, contemporary to him –

• Firdausi (court poet) “Shah Namah”,

• Alberuni (scholar) – “Kitab-ul-Hind”

• Utbi ( court historian)

 Muhammad ghori

• In 1173, Muizzudin Muhammad (Muhammad Ghori)

ascended the throne at Ghazni, while his elder brother
was ruling at Ghur. Muizzudin Muhammad conquered
Multan & Kutch.
• Muhammad Ghori made the first attack 1175 AD on
Multan.

• In 1178 he was completely rooted out by the Gujarat

ruler. (Mulraj II)
• At that period, the Chauhan power had been steadily growing.
Chauhans had captured Delhi form the Tomars ruler around the
middle of the century.

• Both Prithviraj and Muhammad Ghori’s attention towards the

Punjab and Ganga valley brought the two ambitious rulers into
conflict.
• In the first battle of Terrain (1191) the Ghori forces

were completely rooted out by Prithviraj & second battle

of Terrain (1192) Prithviraj was defeated by Ghori.

• It a said that Jaichand the ruler of Kannauj (Gahadavala

Kingdom) did not help Prithviraj during the second battle

of Terrain because Prithviraj had adbucted Jaichand’s

daughter Sanyogita, who was in love with him.

• Later on in 1194, Jaichand of Kannauj was also defeated
at the Battle of chandawar.

• The defeat laid the foundation of muslim rule in India.

Muhammad Ghori died in AD 1206, leaving the charge
with Qutub-ud-din-Aibak.

The sultanate of Delhi had five ruling dynasties with 34

kings.
 SLAVE DYNASTY (1206 -1290
AD.)

(Mamluk dynasty, Ghulam dynasty)

Qutb-ud-din-Aibak (1206-1210)
• Qutb-ud-din- Aibak was a ruler of the mamluk dynasty
of the Delhi Sultanate.
• When mohammad died in 1206, he became the sultan
in India. At Lahore in 1206 on the basis of the support
of the local notables and amirs.

• Qutb-ud-din began his career as malik or siphasalar

under Muhammad Ghori. Aibak was known as lakha
Baksh sultan after his generosity.
• He died in 1210 due to a fall from a horse whilst playing
Polo and was buried at Lahore.

• Qutbuddin the first ruler of the Delhi sultanate and also

the founder of the slave dynasty.
• Though Qutb-ud-din- Aibak started the construction of

the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque (Delhi) and the Qutub

Minar. Which were among the earliest muslim monuments

in Delhi, he couldn’t complete them. These architectures

were later completed by his successor Iltutmish.

• He also built the Adhai-din-ka-Jhonpra mosque in

Ajmer. He started the construction of Qutb minar in

memory of sufi saint Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki which was

completed by his successor, Iltutmish.

• He came into the possession of Muizzad-din
Muhammad who put him in charge of the royal stables
or Amir -I- Akhur.

• He was buried in Lahore neat the Anarkali Bazaar.

 Shamsuddin Iltutmish (1210-1236 AD)

• Who was a slave of Aibak, succeeded him at Delhi in

1211. he ruled till 1236.

• He may thus be called the real establisher.

• Before Iltutmish could consolidate his position in
Punjab, jalaluddin Mangabarani, the Khwarizmian prince,
being pursued by Chingez, crossed the Indus in 1221 and in
alliance with the war like Khokhars, conquered the Punjab
upto Thaneswar.
• He then sent a message to Iltutmish seeking an alliance
against the Mongols so that he could recover his lost
dominions. Iltutmish politely turned down the overture,
refusing to be drawn into a fight with the Mongols.
• To his credit, he was the first sultan of India who was
recognized by the Khalifa of Baghdad in 1229.

• Iltutmish introduced a coin inscribing his name there on

as the representative of khalifa.
• The ilbari tribe used to have administrative and
military elite called “Chihalgani” ( the corp of forty)
formed by Iltutmish.

• Iltutmish is known to have built the Hauz- i- shamshir

near mahrauli in Delhi.
• His eldest son when died he made built the first Islamic
mausoleum Sultan Garhi in Delhi.

• Iqta system:-

The Iqta system was a practice of tax farming that

was introduced by Iltutmish in Delhi sultanate..
It was basically grant of revenue from aterritory in lieu of
salary . This grant was not hereditary.

• Iltutmish introduced silver Tanka and copper Jital the

two coins of the delhi sultanate. He was the first to
Introduce a pure Arabic coin in India.
• Iltutmish transferred his capital from Lahore to Delhi.

• Iltutmish died in 1236 A.D. He was disappointed with his

sons incapability, so he nominated his daughter Razia
sultana as his successor.
 • RIZA SULTAN (1236- 1240 AD.)

• Iltutmish became the first sultan to appoint a

woman as his successor. Razia was the first and last
female ruler of Delhi sultanate.
• But the Muslim nobility had no intention of a
acceding to Iltutmish appointment of a woman as
heir, and after the sultan died on 1236 Razia’s
brother, ‘ Rukn- ud –din firuz shah’ was elevated to
the throne instead.
• Rukn-ud-din and his mother shah Turkaan were
assassinated after only 6 months in power. With
reluctance the nobility agreed to allow Razia to
reign as sultan of Delhi.
• Razia laid aside the female dress and donned the
tunic and head- dress of a man.

• The first rebellion was at Lahore by its Governor,

Kabir khan Razia marched to Lahore and forced
Kabir khan to submit.
• She had hardly returned to delhi when Altunia, the
Governor of Tabarhinda, rebelled. She marched against
Altunia, but did not know that he was in touch with a
powerful group of Turkish nobles rose in revolt killed
yakut and put Razia in prison at Tabarhind.
• The conspirators at Delhi elevated another
descendant of Iltutmish to the throne. This virtually
brings Razia’s reign to a close. Her subsequent
marriage to Altunia.
• After altunia and Razia undertook to take back the
sultanate form Bahram shah through battle, both Razia
and her husband were defeated on the oct.1240. They
fled their remaining forces abandoned them. They both
fell into the hands of Jats and were robbed and killed on
the oct.14, 1240
 NASIRUDDIN MAHMUD (1246-1265)

The elevation of Nasiruddin mahmud a grandson of

Iltutmish. He devoted all his time to prayers and religious
observances, such as making copies of the Quran, or
stitching caps for the devoted.
 BALBAN (1265-1287 AD. )

It is known about the early life of ulugh khan, later known

to history as Balban. He came from a family of llbari turks.
Balban was sold as a slave in Baghdad, and then brought
to delhi in 1232-33 where he was purchased by Iltutmish.
• Balban sought to increase the prestige and power of the
monarchy, and to centralise all authority in the hands of
the sultan. He underlined the theory that the sultan was
the “ shadow of God” (zil- i - allah) and emphasized it by
insisting that in his court anyone presented to him had to
perform the Sijda and Pabos.
• Barani emphasized this by saying that since balban
claimed to be a descendent of the Iranian hero Afraisyab.

He slaughtered a large number of meos. These harsh

methods of Balban have been called a policy of “blood
and Iron”.
• Balban wanted to pension off the old soldiers, but
withdrew his order at the instance of Fakhruddin the
kotwal of Delhi.

• NOTE:- Balban established the Dewan-i-Arz department.

(Department of the Army.)
• Bengal governor Tughril did revolt against balban .
Balban did finally break the power of the Turkish
chihalgani.
• Balban heir was his older son, prince Muhammad khan
but he perished in a battle against the mongols. His other
son Bughra khan, was reluctant to assume the throne
and sought to remain the ruler of Bengal instead.
• Balban therefore chose his grandson kaikhusrau, as heir
apparent. However after his death his nobles nominated
Qaiqubad as sultan.
• Qaiqubad was very weak and incompetent and
eventually fell to stroke and had to pass the rule to
his three years old son, Shamsuddin kayumars.
Who was dethroned by his guardian, Jalaluddin
Khilji in 1290, bringing an end to the slave dynasty.
 KHILJI DYNASTY(1290- 1320 A.D.)

• JALALUDDIN KHILJI (1290- 1296 AD)

• His original name was malik firuz.

• Barani, he believed in a policy of “Not harming even an

ant.”
• July 19, 1296 AD. Jalaluddin nephew and son- in-
law, Alauddin khalji who ascended the throne after
treacherously murdering his uncle.
• Ala – ud – din khilji (1296- 1316 AD):-

• He was a very ambitious person and a warmonger.

He liked to call himself ‘The second Alexander.’ He
took the title Sikander-i- sani.

• Alauddin real name was Juna khan.

• He was the first muslim ruler to extend his empire right
upto the extreme south of India.

• The land revenue (kharja) in this area was fixed at half of

the produce.
• No extra cesses were to be levied except a grazing tax
(charai) on cattle and ghari on house.

• He was the first ruler of delhi sultanate who called

himself the deputy of the calipha.
• Barani says that Alauddin khalji instituted the
market reforms because after the mongol siege of
Delhi he wanted to recruit a large army.
• Alauddin set up three markets at delhi the first for food-
grains , the second for cloth of all kinds and for expensive
items such as sugar, ghee, oil, dry fruits etc. and the third
for horses, slaves and cattle.
• An officer shehna-i-mandi and Diwan-i-Riyasat was
appointed in charge of the market.
• Establishment of a new revenue department ‘Diwan-i-
mustakharaj’.

• He was the first sultan of delhi to lay the foundation of a

permanent standing army.
• Realisation of land revenue in cash enabled Alauddin to
pay his soldiers in cash. He was the first sultan to do so.

• Both Amir- khusrau and mir Hasan dehlvi enjoyed his

patronage.
• Direct recruitment of the soldiers by ‘Arz -i- mamalik’
Introduction of Daag (branding the Horse) and Huliya or
chehra (Descriptive rolls of soldiers) system.

• He built a new city called siri.

• He built the Jamait- Khana masjid at the Dargah of
Nizam-ud-din Auliya and Alai Darwaza near Qutub
minar.
• In 1299 Alauddin deputed two of his leading generals,
Ulugh khan and Nusrat khan to lead an expedition
against Gujarat. Rai karan was taken by surprise and fled
to Deogiri. The beautiful queen kamla devi were
captured by the turks.
• It was here that the slave malik kafur who later played a
prominent part in the deccan campaigns and who was
called hazar- dinari.
• In 1301 Alauddin ordered ulugh khan and Nusrat khan to
proceed against Ranthambhor. While investing the fort
Nusrat khan went too near while directing operations
and was killed. Taking advantage of confusion in the
Turkish camp, The rana came out of the fort, defeated
Ulugh khan in battle.
• In this situation it became necessary for Alauddin to
proceed to Ranthambhor personally. The poet Amir
khusrau, who had accompanied Alauddin, describes the
fort.
• After the conquest of Ranthambhor came the turn of
chittor in 1303 AD. It was at time under the control of the
Guhilot ruler, Ratan singh. The poet Khusrau who had
accompanied Alauddin, describes the siege in detail. The
governorship of the fort of chittor was given to Khizr-
khan the son of Alauddin.
• Maldeo, brother of the ruler of Jalor served Alauddin
loyally and that around 1313 AD. Alauddin made him
governor of chittor in place of khizr khan.
• In 1308 two armies despatched to Deogiri. The yadava
ruler Ramchandra offered only light resistance and
submitted to Kafur.
 MUBARAK SHAH KHALJI (1316- 1320 AD.)

• Qutb- ud –din Mubarak khalji was the son and successor

of Alauddin khilji.

• He abolishing all taxes and penalties imposed by his

father.
• He was the first ruler of Delhi sultanate who decleared
him self as khalifa.

• He was murdered by khusro khan in 1320.

• KHUSARU KHAN / KHUSARU MALIK (1320)

• He was a Neo- muslim. He became a favorite of Mubarak

khalji, who gave him the title Khusrau khan. Some of
them were also accused of offending the religious of
muslims.
• TUGHLAQ DYNASTY (1320 – 1414 AD.)

• Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320- 1325ad.)

• Ghiyasuddin was the founder of the Tughlaq empire in

India. He was also known with the name of Ghazi malik.
• He was the first ruler who built canal for irrigation
purpose.

• He built a new city of Tughlakabad near delhi.

• The land revenue which had been raised to ½ of the total
produce during Alauddin reign was reduced 1/10.

• In Ghiyasuddin’s rule for the first time southern state

combined with delhi sultanate. Example- the first state
was warrangal.
• Nizamuddin Auliya said this about Ghiyasuddin “Hanooz
Delhi dur ast” meaning Delhi is still far away. Because he
has tiff with Auliya.
• Ghiyasuddin marched on Bengal to reduce it to
submission. As is well known on his return from the
successful campaign, a pavilion erected by his son,
(Muhammad –bin- Tughlaq) to welcome him, crashed
and crushed him to death.
• Muhammad – Bin- Tughlaq (1325- 1351
AD.)

• He was a learned man, and had a deep under standing of

many branches of knowledge such as philosophy ,
mathematics, medicines, religion,etc.
• Muhammad bin Tughlaq, rejected Alauddin’s policy of
non – annexation of distant states and of being content
with their formal submission and sending tribute
regularly.
• Though not a believer in mysticism, Muhammad Tughlaq
respected the sufi saints, and was the first sultan to visit
the tomb of muinuddin Chishti at Ajmer. He also built
mausoleums over the tombs of many sufi saints,
including Nizamuddin Auliya at Delhi.
• He created the department of Agriculture (Diwan- i
– Amir kohi) .

• He is the first sultan to advance loans known as sondhar

to peasants for digging well to extend cultivations.
• The Chinese emperor, Toghan Timur sent an envoy to
Delhi in 1341.

• He also sent Ibn Battuta as envoy to the court of the

mongol emperor of china.
• The independent state of Vijayanagara was founded by
Harihara and Bukka. (1336 AD.)

• Independent state of Bahmani was founded by Bahman

shah. (1347 AD.)
 FIVE AMBITIOUS PROJECTS:-

(1.) Transfer of capital from delhi to deogiri.

(2.) Introduction of token currency

• (3.) Quarachil (kumaon hills of Himalayas) Expedition.

• (4.) Proposed khurasan Expedition.

• (5.) Sultan raised the taxation level in doab area.

• Muhammad died in 1351 on his way to Thatta, (sindh) in
order to intervene a war between members of the Gujjar
tribe.
 • FIRUZ SHAH TUGHLAQ (1351 -1388 AD.)

• Firoz Tughlaq was termed as the Akbar of sultanate

period by Henri Elliot and Elphinstone.

• The autobiography of firuz shah Tughlaq is named

FATUHAT-I –FIRUZ SHAHI
• The sultan also opened a large number of hospitals
(Dar-ul- shafa) at Delhi for free treatment for all.
• He established an employment bureau to provide work
to unemployed. (Diwan -i- khairat) was set up to make
provisions for the marriage of poor girls.
• He founded several cities around Delhi, Jaunpur,
Ferozpur, hissar, firuzabad, fatehabad.
• Tughlaq’s reign has been described as the greatest age of
corruption in medieval India. He once gave a golden
tanka to a distraught soldier so that he could bride the
clerk to pass his substandard horse.
• Firoz extended the principle of heredity to the army.
Soldiers were allowed to rest in peace and to send in
their place their sons.
• The soldiers were not paid in cash but by assignments on
land revenue of villages.
• He tried to ban practices which the orthodox theologians
considered as non Islamic. Thus prohibited the practice of
muslim women going out to worship at graves of saints.
• It was during the time of Firoz that Jizya became a
separate tax. Firoz refused to exempt the Brahmanas
from payment of Jizya since this was not provided for in
Shariat.
• In order to encourage agriculture, the sultan paid a lot of
attention to irrigation. Firoz repaired a number of canals
and imposed Haque-i- Sharb .(water tax)
• The two pillars of Ashoka, one from Topra (Haryana) and
other from Meerut (U.P) were brought to delhi.
• Firoz was also a great builder. Thus, he repaired the
Qutub Minar a storey of which had been destroyed by
lightening.
• Revived the Jagir system which had been abolished by
Ala-ud-din and granted it to his military in lien of cash
salaries.

• The Iqtas granted and the post of officials and soldiers

was made hereditary.
• A separate department for slaves, Diwan-i- Bandagan,
was established.

• His most important contribution was the introduction of

a series of canals for irrigation purpose.
• The taxation policy was based on the Islamic law of
Shariat. Only four taxes were imposed

1. Kharaj- revenue from cultivated land 1/10

2. Zakat - was 2% tax on property.

3. Jizya – was levied on non-muslims.

4. Khams – was 1/5 of the booty captured during war.

• He introduced two fractions of mixed copper and silver
coins-Adha & Bikh.
• He was a patron of learning and patronized Barani and
Shams-i-Siraj Afif.
 Nasiruddin Mahmud (1394-1414 A.D)
“ The orders of the king of the world (title of the sultan of
Delhi) extend from Delhi to Palam.”

• Timur’s attacked happened in this ruler time. (1398-99)

 The Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451 A.D)

Khizr Khan (1414-21) Timu’s nominee captured delhi and

was proclaimed the new sultan.
 Mubarak Shah (1421-34)
He succeeded Khirz at the throne after his successful
expeditions against Mewatis. He was killed by the nobles
in his own court.
 Muhammad Shah (1434-43)
• The nobles put Muhammad Shah on the throne, but he
could not survive the in- fighting among the nobles in the
court.
 Alam Shah (1443-51)
• The last Sayyid king descended in favour of Bahlol Lodhi
and retired. Thus began the Lodhi dynasty.
 LODHI DYNASTY (1451-1526 AD.)

BAHLOL LODHI (1451 -1488 AD.)

He founded the lodhi dynasty. He was one of the Afghan

sardars who established the first Afghan empire in India.
• He invited Afghans to come India.

• He started Bahloli coins.

• He never sit on his throne when he met with his sardars.

SIKANDAR LODHI (1489 -1517 AD.)

• He was the son of Bahlol lodhi who conquered Bihar and

western Bengal.

• He shifted his capital from delhi to Agra (1506), a city

founded by him (1504 )
• Sikandar was a fanatical muslim and broke the sacred
images of the Jwalamukhi Temple at nagarkot and
ordered the temples of Mathura to be destroyed.
• A new measurement of a yard, called the “gazz - i-
sikandari” which continued to prevail till the Mughal
times.
• He reimposed the Jizyah on the Hindus.

• He stopped running moharam and Tajiya.

• He translated an “Ayurvedic book” in farsi and named it
“Farhang - i- Sikandari”.

• He also write poems with the sub name of “Gulrukhi” in

farsi.
IBRAHIM LODHI (1517- 1526 AD.)

• He was the last king of the lodhi dynasty and the last
sultan of delhi.
Daulat khan lodhi, the governor of Punjab invited Babur to
overthrow Ibrahim lodhi. Babur accepted the offer and
inflicted a defeat on Ibrahim lodhi in the first battle of
Panipat in 21 April 1526. and with him ended the delhi
sultanate.
 Literature of Delhi sultanate:-

Tahqiq- i - hind :- Alberuni

Tabaquat – i- Nasiri :- Minhaj – us –Siraj

Tughlaq- Nama - Amir khusrau

Khazain – ul –Futuh :- Amir khusrau

Nuh- siphir :- Amir khusrau

Fatawa – i- jahandari :- Ziauddin Barani

Tarikha – i- firoz shahi – Ziauddin barani

Kitab – i- Tahqiq - Alberuni

Taj – ul –maasir – Hasan nizami

Chach- namah :- Abu bakr

Shah namah :- Firdausi

Miftah –ul- futuh :- Amir khusrau

• Ayina – i- sikandari :- Amir khusrau

• Tarik – i- firoz shahi :- shams -i- shiraj afif

• Futuh –us- salatin:- Isami

• Though Qutb-ud-din- Aibak started the construction of

• the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque (Delhi) and the Qutub

• Minar. Which were among the earliest muslim monuments

• in Delhi, he couldn’t complete them. These architectures

• were later completed by his successor Iltutmish.

• He also built the Adhai-din-ka-Jhonpra mosque in

Ajmer. He started the construction of Qutb minar in

memory of sufi saint Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki which

was

completed by his successor, Iltutmish.

• The ilbari tribe used to have administrative and military elite
called “Chihalgani” ( the corp of forty) formed by Iltutmish.

• Iltutmish is known to have built the Hauz- i- shamshir near

mahrauli in Delhi.
• His eldest son when died he made built the first Islamic
mausoleum Sultan Garhi in Delhi.

• Iqta system:-

The Iqta system was a practice of tax farming that was

introduced by Iltutmish in Delhi sultanate..
• Iltutmish introduced silver Tanka and copper Jital the
two coins of the delhi sultanate. He was the first to
Introduce a pure Arabic coin in India.

• Iltutmish transferred his capital from Lahore to Delhi.

Balban sought to increase the prestige and power of the
monarchy, and to centralise all authority in the hands of the
sultan. He underlined the theory that the sultan was the “
shadow of God” (zil- i - allah) and emphasized it by insisting
that in his court anyone presented to him had to perform the
Sijda and Pabos.
• Balban established the Dewan-i-Arz department.
(Department of the Army.)

• Ala – ud – din khilji (1296- 1316 AD):-

He was a very ambitious person and a warmonger. He liked to

call himself ‘The second Alexander.’ He took the title Sikander-
i- sani.
• He was the first ruler of delhi sultanate who called himself
the deputy of the calipha.

• Barani says that Alauddin khalji instituted the market

reforms because after the mongol siege of Delhi he wanted
to recruit a large army.
• He was the first sultan of delhi to lay the foundation of a
permanent standing army.
• Direct recruitment of the soldiers by ‘Arz -i- mamalik’
Introduction of Daag (branding the Horse) and Huliya or
chehra (Descriptive rolls of soldiers) system.

• He built a new city called siri.

• He built the Jamait- Khana masjid at the Dargah of Nizam-
ud-din Auliya and Alai Darwaza near Qutub minar.
 MUBARAK SHAH KHALJI (1316- 1320 AD.)

• He was the first ruler of Delhi sultanate who

decleared him self as khalifa.
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320- 1325ad.)

He was the first ruler who built canal for irrigation purpose.

He built a new city of Tughlakabad near delhi.

• In Ghiyasuddin’s rule for the first time southern state
combined with delhi sultanate
• Muhammad – Bin- Tughlaq (1325- 1351
AD.)

• He created the department of Agriculture (Diwan- i – Amir

kohi) .

• The Chinese emperor, Toghan Timur sent an envoy to Delhi

in 1341.

• He also sent Ibn Battuta as envoy to the court of the

mongol emperor of china.
• The independent state of Vijayanagara was founded by
Harihara and Bukka. (1336 AD.)

• FIRUZ SHAH TUGHLAQ (1351 -1388 AD.)

• The autobiography of firuz shah Tughlaq is named

FATUHAT-I –FIRUZ SHAHI
• The sultan also opened a large number of hospitals (Dar-
ul- shafa) at Delhi for free treatment for all.

• He established an employment bureau to provide work to

unemployed. (Diwan -i- khairat) was set up to make
provisions for the marriage of poor girls.
• He founded several cities around Delhi, Jaunpur, Ferozpur,
hissar, firuzabad, fatehabad.

• Tughlaq’s reign has been described as the greatest age of

corruption in medieval India. He once gave a golden tanka
to a distraught soldier so that he could bride the clerk to
pass his substandard horse.
• He tried to ban practices which the orthodox theologians
considered as non Islamic. Thus prohibited the practice of
muslim women going out to worship at graves of saints.

• In order to encourage agriculture, the sultan paid a lot of

attention to irrigation. Firoz repaired a number of canals
and imposed Haque-i- Sharb .(water tax)
• The two pillars of Ashoka, one from Topra (Haryana) and
other from Meerut (U.P) were brought to delhi.

• Firoz was also a great builder. Thus, he repaired the Qutub

Minar a storey of which had been destroyed by lightening.
A separate department for slaves, Diwan-i- Bandagan, was
established.

His most important contribution was the introduction of a

series of canals for irrigation purpose.
• He introduced two fractions of mixed copper and silver
coins-Adha & Bikh.
SIKANDAR LODHI (1489 -1517 AD.)

• He shifted his capital from delhi to Agra (1506), a city

founded by him (1504 )

• A new measurement of a yard, called the “gazz - i-

sikandari” which continued to prevail till the Mughal
times.
He reimposed the Jizyah on the Hindus.

He stopped running moharam and Tajiya.

• He translated an “Ayurvedic book” in farsi and named it
“Farhang - i- Sikandari”.

• He also write poems with the sub name of “Gulrukhi” in

farsi.
 Literature of Delhi sultanate:-

Tahqiq- i - hind :- Alberuni

Tabaquat – i- Nasiri :- Minhaj – us –Siraj

Tughlaq- Nama - Amir khusrau

Khazain – ul –Futuh :- Amir khusrau

Nuh- siphir :- Amir khusrau

Fatawa – i- jahandari :- Ziauddin Barani

Chach- namah :- Abu bakr

Shah namah :- Firdausi

Miftah –ul- futuh :- Amir khusrau

Ayina – i- sikandari :- Amir khusrau

Tarik – i- firoz shahi :- shams -i- shiraj afif

Futuh –us- salatin:- Isami