ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY (PC-EI503)

PART IV: LECTURE XVI

REFLECTION OF PLANE WAVES – OBLIQUE
INCIDENCE

DR. ASHMI CHAKRABORTY

DEPT. OF APPLIED ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION
ASANSOL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
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Reflection of Plane Waves at Oblique Incidence:
It can be shown that a uniform plane wave takes the general form
A 
 . r  t  
   
E r , t E o cos k .r  t Re Eo e 

j k



Where r  xaˆ x  yaˆ y  zaˆ z [radius or position vector]

k k x aˆ x  k y aˆ y  k z aˆ z [wave number vector or propagation vector]
|k| (essentially same as β in lossless medium) is related to according to
k 2
k
the dispersion
2
x  k 2
 k 2
relation
y z  2
 .
With general form of E, Maxwell's equation in source free region can be
A A

k E  H as
expressed Reveals (a) E, H, and k are mutually
A A

k H   E orthogonal
A A
 
(b)k .rEand
k x Hk lie
y  on
k z the
 plane
constant
k .E 0 x y z
A A

k .H 0
From the first equation we get
A 1 1
H k E  aˆk E
 
The incident and the reflected
waves are in medium 1 while the
transmitted wave is in medium
A Let,
2.
E i E io cos kix x  kiy y  kiz z  i t 
A
E r E ro cos krx x  kry y  krz z  r t 
A
E t E to cos ktx x  kty y  ktz z  t t 

Since tangential component of E

A
must be continuous across the
Ei  Er z
boundary =E0,
t
z 0 z 0 z 0
The boundary conditions can be Satisfied for all x and y only if,
i r t
kix krx ktx
kiy kry kty
The first condition implies that the frequency is unchanged. Condition 2
and 3 require that the tangential components of the propagation vectors
be continuous (called phase matching condition). This means
ki sin i  kr sin  r 
i  r [Angle of incidence = Angle of
ki sin i  kt sin t 
sin t  reflection
ki u 2 11
For lossless media     n1 sin i  n2 sin t 
sin i  kt u1  2 2
ki kr 1  11 [Snell’s law]

kt  2  2 2 n1  r1 r1 c 11 c u1

[refractive
n2  r 2 r 2 c 2 2 c u2 index]
A. Parallel Polarization
Let us consider that the E field lies in the xz-plane, the plane of
incidence.
A
We have  j   x sin   z cos 
E is Eio  cos i aˆ x  sin i aˆ z  e  1 i i

A Eio  j 1  x sin i  z cosi 

H is  e aˆ y
1
A  j 1  x sin  r  z cos r 
E rs Ero  cos  r aˆ x  sin  r aˆ z  e
A Ero  j 1  x sin  r  z cos r 
H rs  e aˆ y
1
A  j  2  x sin t  z cost 
E ts Eto  cos t aˆ x  sin t aˆ z  e
A Eto  j  2  x sin t  z cost 
H ts  e aˆ y
2
Requiring
i  r and that the tangential components of E and H be
continuous at the boundary z = 0, we obtain

Eio  Ero cos i  Eto cos t  Ero  2 cos t   1 cos  i 
  
Eio  2 cos t  1 cos  i   cos t  
1 1
Eio  Ero   Eto 2 2 cos t 
1      
1 2  
Ero
  cos i  
Eio  2 cos t  1 cos  i 
[Fresnel’s
Assume that for i  B  ,0 equation]
, that is there is no reflection from the

interface.
i This
B  angle is called Brewster’s angle. We can write,
1  21 1 2 
  2

2 2 
  
2


2 cos t  1 cos  B  2  1  sin t  1 1  sin  B  sin B 

2
  
1  1  2 
2

If 1 2 0
1  1  2  1 2  2 n2
2
 
sin  B  
1  1  2  1  1  2 
2
 sin  B  
1   2
 tan  B  
 1 n1
 
B. Perpendicular Polarization
Here the E-field is perpendicular to the plane of incidence. Alternatively,
H-field is parallel to the interface.
The fields are given by
A  j 1  x sin i  z cosi 
E is Eio e aˆ y
A Eio  j 1  x sin i  z cosi 
H is    cos i aˆ x  sin  i aˆ z  e
1
A  j 1  x sin  r  z cos r 
E rs Ero e aˆ y
A Ero  j 1  x sin  r  z cos r 
H rs   cos  r aˆ x  sin  r aˆ z  e
1
A  j  2  x sin t  z cost 
E ts Eto e aˆ y
A Eto  j  2  x sin t  z cost 
H ts    cos t aˆ x  sin  t aˆ z  e
2
 Requiring i  r and that the tangential components of E and H be
continuous at the boundary z = 0, we obtain
Ero  2 cos i   1 cos t 
Eio  Ero Eto   
Eio  2 cos i  1 cos t 
1 1 1    
Eio  Ero cos i   Eto cos t  Ero 2 2 cos i 
1 2   
Eio  2 cos i  1 cos t 
[Fresnel’s
Assume that for
i  B  , 0 equation]
. So, we can write,
1  1 2  2 1 
2 cos  B  2
2


2
  

2 2 2
 
1 cos  t    1  sin  B 1 1  sin  t   sin  B 
1  1  2 
 2


If 1   2   0 , sin 2
 B   
 and hence
i  B does not exist.
If 1  2
2 2
sin  B    tan  B  

1   2 1 
Problem: A j 0.866 y 0.5 z 
An EM wave travels in free space with electric fieldEcomponent
s 100e aˆ x V/m
Determine (a) ω and λ, (b) magnetic field component, (c) time
average power in the web.
A 
j k x  k y  k z 
Solution: j k .r
E s E o e E o e x y z aˆ x
(a) Comparing the E with
k 0, k 0.868, k 0.5  k  k 2  k 2  k 2 1
we get
x y z x y z

k   c 2    3 108 rad/s,  =6.238 m

In free
A space 0.866aˆ y  0.5aˆ z
1 
132.63aˆ y  229.7aˆ z e
j k .r j 0.866 y 0.5 z 
Hs  k E s  100aˆ x e mA/m
 4 10 3 10
7 8
(b)

A
(c) The

1 time-average
*
 Eo2 power
P avg  Re E s H s  aˆk 
2 2
100 2 is
2 120
0.866aˆ y  0.5aˆ z  11.49aˆ y  6.631aˆ z W/m 2

A
E 10aˆ y  5aˆ z cos t  2 y  4 z  V/m
Example: Rework for in free space.
Problem: A
A uniform plane wave in airEwith 8cos t  4 x  3 z aˆ y V/m is
 z 0on
incident  a dielectric
r 1,  r slab
2.5,  =0 with . Find (a)
the polarization of the wave, (b) the angle of incidence, (c) the reflected
E field, (d) the transmitted H field.

Solution:
k 4aˆ x  3aˆ z  ki  c 5   15 108 rad/S
(a)
A unit vector normal to the interfaceaˆ z
(z=0) is aˆ z
. The plane containing k and
is y = constant, which is the xz-plane, the
plane of incidence. Since incident E-field
is normal to this plane, we have
perpendicular polarization.
k 4
tan i   ix   i 53.13o
(b) kiz 3
 A
 
(c) LetE r Ero cos t  kr .r aˆ y
y-directed unit vector is chosen because E must be continuous at the
A
kr krx aˆ x  krz aˆ z
interface. krx kr cos  r , krz kr sin  r 
i  r kr where
ki 5 kr ki

But and because botho and are in the same

n1 c 11 sin 53.13 
sin 
medium.t   sin  i   sin  i     t 30.39 o

n2 c  2 2 2.5
Now, 0 r 2 377
1 0 377 , 2   238.4 
 0 r 2 2.5
 2 cos i   1 cos t  238.4cos 53.13   377 cos 30.39 
o o

    0.389
 2 cos i  1 cos t  238.4cos 53.13   377 cos 30.39 
We have o o

A

Ero  Eio  0.389 8   3.112  E r  3.112cos 15 108 t  4 x  3 z aˆ y V/m
 A

(c) LetE t Eto cos t  kr .r aˆ y 
 15 108
kt  2   2 2   r 2 r 2  8
12.5 7.906
c 3 10 
ktx kt sin t  4, ktz kt cos t  6.819 k t 4aˆ x  6.819aˆ z

Ero 22 cos i  2 238.4cos 53.13o 

    0.611
Eio 2 cos  i  1 cos  t  238.4cos 53.13   377 cos 30.39 
o o

A

Eto   Eio 0.6118 4.888  E t 4.888cos 15 108 t  4 x  6.819 z aˆ y V/m 
A 1 1 4aˆ x  6.819aˆ z
Ht 
2
k t E t  a kt E t 
2 7.906 238.4

4.888aˆ y cos t  k .r 
=  17.69aˆ x  10.37 aˆ z cos 15 108 t  4 x  6.819 z  mA/m

Exercise: If the plane wave of previous exercise is incident on a perfect

 4 0 ,medium
dielectric  =0 with z 0 and occupy plane, calculate
(a) angle of incidence, reflection, and transmission, (b) total E field in
- Thank you