Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing

Wollega University
October 20/2016
 Chapter 1
Introduction to Wireless Communication
Systems

2
 Objectives
 At the end of this chapter you should be able to:
 Define wireless communication
 Describe the four major types of wireless networks
 Describe the basic elements of a wireless network

3
 Outline
 Overview of wireless communications
 Cellular Communications from 1G to 5G
 WLAN; WPAN; WMAN
 Future Wireless Networks

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 Introduction
 Wireless Communication System:
 Wireless communications is a type of data communication that is
performed and delivered wirelessly.
 Any electrical communication system that uses a naturally occurring
communication channel, such as air, water, earth.
 Examples:
 Cell phone, Sonar(system for detecting underwater objects)
 Broadcast: (one way)
 Radio, TV, pagers, satellite TV, etc.
 Two Way:
 Walkie-talkie, cell phones, satellite phones, wireless local area networks,
etc.

 Wireless communications is the fastest growing segment

of the communications industry.

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 Introduction(cont’d)
 Wireless systems consist of
 wireless wide-area networks (WWAN)[i.e., cellular systems],
 Wireless local area networks (WLAN),
 Wireless personal area networks (WPAN)
 Wireless metro area networks(WMAN)
 Applications: wireless sensor networks, automated
highways and factories, smart homes, remote
telemedicine, etc.
 The handsets used in all of these systems possess
complex functionality, yet they have become small, low-
power consuming devices that are mass produced at a low
cost, which has in turn accelerated their widespread use.

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 Introduction(cont’d)
 Fundamentally different from wired networks
 Different wireless applications have different requirements
 Voice systems
 have relatively low data rate requirements (around 20 Kbps)
 can tolerate a fairly high probability of bit error
 but the total delay must be less than around 30 msec or it
becomes noticeable to the end user.
 Data systems
 require much higher data rates (1-100 Mbps) and very small bit
error rates but do not have a fixed delay requirement.
 Real-time video systems have high data rate requirements coupled
with the same delay constraints as voice systems
 Paging and short messaging have very low data rate requirements
and no delay constraints.

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 Introduction(cont’d)
 These diverse requirements for different applications
make it difficult to build one wireless system that can
efficiently satisfy all these requirements
simultaneously.
 For these reasons, at least in the near future, wireless
systems will continue to be fragmented, with different
protocols tailored to support the requirements of
different applications.

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Introduction (cont’d)

Wireless Networks

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 Cellular Networks
 Extremely popular. There are billions of cellular
system users worldwide. Indeed cellular phones have
become a critical business tool and part of everyday
life
 Ignited the wireless revolution
 Provide two-way voice and data communication
 Initially designed for mobile terminals inside vehicles
with antennas mounted on the vehicle roof
 Today these systems have evolved to support
lightweight handheld mobile terminals

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 Cellular Networks (cont’d)
 Cellular Network Organization
 Multiple low power transmitters(100W or less)
 The service area is divided into cells
 Each with own antenna
 Each with own range of frequencies
 Served by base station, consisting of transmitter, receiver, control
unit
 Adjacent cells on different frequencies to avoid interference
 A combination of multiple cells is called a cellular structure

 Cell radii can vary from 10m in buildings up to tens of

kilometers in the countryside
 Operate in licensed frequency bands roughly between
900 MHz and 2 GHz
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Cellular Networks (cont’d)

 A Cellular Communication Network

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 Cellular Networks (cont’d)
 The basic premise behind cellular system design is
frequency reuse.
 Transmission power controlled to limit power at that frequency
escaping to adjacent cells. Objective is to reuse frequency in
nearby cells
 10-50 channels (TDM, FDM or CDMA) assigned per cell

 A cell of any size can support roughly the same number of

users
a) Cellular system with
three cell clusters
b) Cellular system with
seven cell clusters

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 Cellular Networks (cont’d)
 The shape of cells are never perfect circles or
hexagons. It depend on:
 The environment (buildings, mountains, valleys etc.),
 on weather conditions, and
 sometimes even on system load

 Well known from mobile networks (GSM, UMTS)

 A procedure inside a cellular network controls the
switching process between the cells and end
devices(more on the 2nd chapter)

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 Cellular Networks (cont’d)
 Handover/Handoff
 Is switch from one channel to another as the mobile moves
from one cell area to another.

 Reasons for handovers are:

 leaving the transmission range of a cell
 overloading or breakdown of the used cell
 loss of connection quality

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 Cellular Networks (cont’d)
 Advantages of cellular systems with small cells
 Higher capacity - allows frequency reuse(higher number of
users per unit area)
 Less transmission power
 Receiver far away from a base station would need
much more transmit power
 Power aspects are not a big problem for base stations.
 Energy is a serious problem for mobile handheld devices
 Local interference only
 With small cells, mobile stations and base stations only
have to deal with ‘local’ interference
 Robustness:
 Cellular systems are decentralized and so, more robust
against the failure of single components

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 Cellular Networks (cont’d)
 Disadvantages:
 Infrastructure needed: Cellular systems need a complex
infrastructure to connect all base stations.
 Handover needed: The mobile station has to perform a
handover when changing from one cell to another.
 Frequency planning: To avoid interference between
transmitters using the same frequencies, frequencies have to
be distributed carefully.

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 Evolution of Cellular Networks
 Cellular networks ranging from 1G to 5G
 1G: First-generation wireless cellular
 These systems introduced in the early 1980s
 The first 1G, called Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS),
was invented at Bell Labs and first installed in 1982.
 At the introduction of 1G services, the mobile device was large
in size, and would only fit in the trunk of a car.
 Use analog transmission, and are primarily intended for
speech. Analog cellular phones are insecure.
 These networks are very slow (less than 1 kilobits per
second).
 The 1G systems used FDMA.

 2G: Second-generation wireless cellular

 Introduced in the late 1980s
 These systems use digital transmission and are also intended
primarily for speech.
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Evolution of Cellular Networks (cont’d)
 During the early 1980s, several incompatible cellular systems
(TACS, NMT, C450, etc.) were introduced in Europe; roaming
was not possible.
 Groupe Special Mobile (GSM), renamed Global System for
Mobile communications, was established for harmonization.
 These systems, most prevalent at present, operate at 9.6
Kbps.
 The 2G systems based on TDMA and CDMA technologies
 The primary differences between 1G and 2G are:
 Digital traffic channels – 1G systems are almost purely analog; 2G
systems are digital.
 Encryption – all 2G systems provide encryption to prevent
eavesdropping. Simple to encrypt digital traffic
 Error detection and correction – second-generation digital traffic
allows for detection and correction, giving clear voice reception.
 Channel access – second-generation systems allow channels to
be dynamically shared by a number of users via TDMA and CDMA
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 Evolution of Cellular Networks (cont’d)
 2.5G Systems
 Are essentially 2G systems that have evolved to medium-rate
(around 100 Kbps) data.
 2G systems with added data capabilities
 As part of the 2.5G initiative, GSM is being extended by the
General Packet Radio System (GPRS) to support data rates
up to a maximum of 160 Kbps.
 GPRS can be added to GSM infrastructures quite readily. It
doe not require new radio spectrum.
 GPRS basically overlays a packet-switching network on the
existing circuit switched GSM network.
 This gives the user an option to use a packet-based data
service.
 The phase after GPRS is called Enhanced Data Rates for
GSM Evolution (EDGE). can deliver maximum data rates up to
500 Kbps

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 Evolution of Cellular Networks (cont’d)

 3G Systems:
 Goal of 3G systems is to enable wireless service providers to
offer services found on today’s wireline networks: broadband
Internet access, interactive gaming, and high quality audio and
video entertainment.
 Can operate at 2 megabits per second.
 The best known example of 3G is the UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System)/W-CDMA/CDMA2000
 3G networks use a connectionless (packet-switched)
communications mechanism.

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 Evolution of Cellular Networks (cont’d)

 4G Cellular Networks
 Cellular data rates of 20 Mbps and beyond
 The high speed could allow users to watch high-resolution
movies and television programs on their cellular phones
 Many new technologies and techniques (multiplexing, smart
antennas, digital signal processing) are at the core of 4G
networks.
 IPv6 will be used at the network layer level
 Challenge: determining the frequency spectrum for 4G-
unused bandwidth(e.g.60 GHz band) vs. distance(range is
only 100m)

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 Evolution of Cellular Networks (cont’d)
 5G Cellular Networks
 Scheduled to arrive in a 2020 timeframe
 The idea is to investigate cellular networks that could deliver data
rates above 50 Mbps.
 The general vision of 5G is that a PDA, laptop, and automobile
would employ the mix of Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11, and cellular
standards from 1G to 3G as needed by the user.
 Special value added services such as location-based services are
automatically activated when needed
 There is more emphasis on smart antennas, error correction, and
improved signal encoding techniques.
 One of the main emphasis of 5G cellular is collection of information
that can be used to make decisions.
 For example, it could record the path from your home to work. It
builds an internal database of what it can do when and where.

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Example Application

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 Wireless Local Area Networks
 Support communication to mobile data users via wireless
channel in a small area (around 100 meters).
 Wireless devices that access these LANs are typically
stationary or moving at pedestrian speeds.
 The 1G of WLAN products provided data rates of about 1-2
Mbps; Current generation data rates up to 54 Mbps.
 Mobile device in the WLANs connected to wired networks
provided through an “access point”.
 Operation in the ISM (industrial-scientific-medical)
unlicensed frequency band
 The IEEE 802.11 committee is responsible for WLAN
standards.
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 WLAN (cont’d)
 The benefits of wireless LANs are:
 Flexibility: allows the users to roam around a building with
their laptops.
 Improvements in Productivity: Wireless LANs can provide LAN
users with access to real-time information anywhere in their
organization.
 Installation Speed and Simplicity
 Reduced Cost

 Use: mobile Internet, home networking, office

networking, temporary networks (installations for
internet access in exhibition and conference areas) ,
coffee shop networks, airports, etc

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 WLAN (cont’d)
 IEEE 802.11 Terminology
I. Access Point (AP)
 Provides access to distribution services via the wireless
medium

II. Basic Service Area (BSA)

 The coverage area of one access point

III. Basic Service Set (BSS)

 Group of stations using the same radio frequency
 A set of mobile stations controlled by one access point

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 WLAN (cont’d)
IV. ESS(extended service set)
 Set of infrastructure BSS’s
 AP’s communicate with each other
 Forward traffic from one BSS to
another
 Facilitate movement of stations from
one BSS to another
 Extends range of mobility beyond reach
of a single BSS

V. Distribution system
 The fixed (wired) infrastructure used to connect a set of BSS
to form a single network and thereby extends the wireless
coverage area.

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WLAN (cont’d)

Architecture of an infrastructure-based IEEE 802.11

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 WLAN (cont’d)
 IEEE 802.11 standard belongs to the group of 802.x
LAN standards, e.g., 802.3 Ethernet or 802.5 Token
Ring
 The standard specifies the physical and medium
access layer adapted to the special requirements of
wireless LANs
 The standard has been issued in several stages.
 The first part, issued in 1997, is simply called 802.11
and operates at 1 and 2 Mbps
 WLANs include IEEE 802.11a (WiFi 5), IEEE 802.11b
(WiFi), IEEE 802.11g and IEEE 802.11n

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 WLAN (cont’d)
 802.11a:
 operates in the 5 GHz band and can go up to 54 Mbps
 Transmission range: 100m outdoor, 10m indoor
 E.g., 54 Mbit/s up to 5 m, 48 up to 12 m, 36 up to 25 m, 24 up
to 30m, 18 up to 40 m, 12 up to 60 m
 Less prone to interference.
 More expensive.

 802.11b:
 These LANs use the 2.2-to-2.4835 GHz band
 operates at data rates up to 11 Mbps
 also known as Wi-Fi (abbreviated from wireless fidelity)
 provides great vendor interoperability
 operate in a manner very similar to the wired Ethernet LANs
 A government license is not required to operate equipment in this
frequency range

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 WLAN (cont’d)
 Prone to interference (it shares airspace with cell phones,
Bluetooth, security radios, and other devices).
 Because 802.11b and 802.11a use different radio
technologies and portions of the spectrum, they are
incompatible with one another.
 802.11g:
 802.11g is an enhancement of 802.11b
 Dual-mode 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz operability
 can go up to 54 Mbps
 Range: Somewhat higher than 802.11a

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 WLAN (cont’d)
 802.11a Versus 802.11g
 operates in different frequency band
 802.11a distance range is lower than 802.11g (higher
frequencies have shorter ranges)
 cost of 802.11a could be higher – you need more access
points for the same area
 802.11n:
 Speed: Up to 700Mbs
 Range: 50 feet

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WLAN (cont’d)

 Wireless LAN Technologies

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 WLAN: main operating modes
 Ad-hoc mode
 Participants: only clients
 Communications: peer-to-peer
 For ad-hoc networks

 Infrastructure mode
 Participants: AP and clients
 Communications: only between
AP and clients
 AP: provides also connection between
the wireless and wireline networks

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 Wireless Personal Area Network
 Networks that connect devices within a small range
 Typically on the order of 10-100 meters

 Application areas
 Cable replacement
 Eliminates need for numerous cable attachments
 Hook your laptop to your PDA, headphones, mouse,
keyboard, printer, camera, etc.
 Ad hoc networking
 Device with PAN radio can establish connection with another when
in range

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Applications of WPANs

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 Wireless Personal Area Network (cont’d)

 Use band available globally for unlicensed users

 Defined in a global band (2.45 GHz ISM band)
 Bluetooth devices should work anywhere in the world (mostly)
 Devices within 10 m can share up to 865 kbps of capacity

 Bluetooth enabled electronic devices connect and

communicate wirelessly through short-range, ad hoc
networks known as piconets.
 Up to 8 devices in one piconet (1 master and 7 slave devices).

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 Wireless Personal Area Network (cont’d)

 Piconet operation
 The piconet master is a device in a piconet whose clock and
device address are used to define the piconet physical
channel characteristics.
 All other devices in the piconet are called piconet slaves.
 At any given time, data can be transferred between the master
and one slave.
 The master switches rapidly from slave to slave in a round-
robin fashion.
 Any device may switch the master/slave role at any time.

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 Bluetooth Standard
 Universal short-range wireless capability
 Bluetooth ≈ IEEE 802.15.1
 Bluetooth standardization began in 1998
 Sponsors
 Initial: Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba, and Intel
 Expanded in 1999 to include 3 Com, Lucent, Microsoft, and
Motorola
 Thousands of companies are now adopters
 Goals of system design
 Global operation
 No fixed infrastructure required for network set-up or
maintenance
 Voice and data connections
 Small, low power radio (1 mW transmit power to get 10 m range)
 Low cost: $5-$10 per node

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 ZigBee Technology
 ZigBee technology is a low data rate, low power
consumption, low cost, wireless networking protocol
 The specification is based on the IEEE 802.15.4
standard
 Is capable of connecting 255 devices per network
 Can be implemented in mesh (peer- to-peer) networks
larger than is possible with Bluetooth
 Data rates of up to 250 Kbps at a range of up to 30 m
 Targeted toward automation and remote control
applications

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 ZigBee Technology (cont’d)
 ZigBee system consists of several components.
 The most basic is the device
 A device can be a full-function device (FFD) or
reduced-function device (RFD)
 FFD: operating as the PAN coordinator
 RFD: intended for applications that are extremely simple and
do not need to send large amounts of data
 An FFD can talk to reduced-function or full-function devices,
while an RFD can only talk to an FFD.
 ZigBee supports three types of topologies: star
topology, peer-to-peer topology, and cluster tree

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 ZigBee Technology (cont’d)
 Star topology
 communication is established between devices and a single
central controller, called the PAN coordinator.
 Applications: home automation, personal computer (PC)
peripherals, toys, and games.
 Peer-to-peer topology
 peer-to-peer topology, there is also one PAN coordinator.
 In contrast to star topology, any device can communicate with
any other device as long as they are in range of one another.
 Applications: industrial control and monitoring, wireless sensor
networks and asset and inventory tracking

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 ZigBee Technology (cont’d)
 Cluster-tree topology
 Is a special case of a peer-to-peer network in which most
devices are FFD and an RFD may connect to a cluster-tree
network as a leaf node at the end of a branch.
 Advantage: increased coverage at the cost of increased
message latency.

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ZigBee Technology (cont’d)

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 Wireless Metro Area Networks
 WMAN – Wireless Metropolitan Area Network – IEEE
802.16
 IEEE 802.16
 Defines the air interface, including the MAC layer and multiple
PHY layer options, for fixed Broadband Wireless Access
(BWA) systems to be used in WMAN.
 Often referred to as WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access)
 IEEE 802.16 cannot be used in a mobile environment. For this
purpose, IEEE 802.16e is being developed.
 WiMAX
 “a big Wi-Fi”
 Data rates ~70 Mbps
 Coverage area ~50 km

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 Wireless Issues
 Wireless link implications
 communications channel is the air
 poor quality: fading, shadowing, weather, etc.
 data rate and coverage vary
 regulated by governments
 frequency allocated, licensing, etc.
 limited bandwidth
 low bit rate, frequency planning and reuse, interference
 power issues
 Power levels regulated (safety issue), conserve mobile terminal
battery life
 security issues
 wireless channel is a broadcast medium!

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 Summary
 Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs)
 Cellular Networks :
 GSM, cdmaone (IS-95), UMTS, cdma2000 EVDO
 Satellite Networks:
 Iridium, Inmarsat, GPS, etc.
 Wireless Metro Area Networks (WMANs)
 IEEE 802.16 WiMAX
 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
 IEEE 802.11, a, b, g, etc. (infrastructure, ad hoc)
 Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)
 IEEE 802.15 (Bluetooth), IrDa, Zigbee, sensor, etc

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Summary

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 Assignment
 History of wireless communication
 Difference between BSS and ESS

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 Voice systems have relatively low data rate
requirements (around 20 Kbps) and can tolerate a
fairly high probability of bit error (bit error rates, or
BERs, of around 10−3), but the total delay must be
less than around 30 msec or it becomes noticeable to
the end user.
 The cell base stations were placed on tall buildings or
mountains and transmitted at very high power

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