Stationary Sources Sampling and Monitoring

Arie Dipareza Syafei

[email protected]

Laboratorium Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara dan Perubahan

Iklim
Jurusan Teknik Lingkungan
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya
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Kliping

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 Penelitian dan Pemantauan

• Keserasian antara faktor-faktor sumber emisi, pengaruh/

dampak, kondisi sosial, ekonomi dan politik
• Melakukan pengkajian dan identifikasi mengenai macam
sumber, pola penyebaran dan dampaknya
• Mengetahui dan mengkomunikasikan tentang pentingnya
pengelolaan pencemaran udara dengan mempertimbangkan
keadaan sosial lingkungan yang berhubungan dengan
demografi, sosial ekonomi, budaya dan psikologi

3
 Penelitian dan Pemantauan

• Dukungan politik baik dari segi hukum peraturan, kebijakan

maupun administrasi guna melindungi pelaksanaan
pemantauan, pengendalian dan pengawasan
• Pemilihan metoda pemantauan secara tepat sesuai dengan
kemampuan jaringan pemantau, penempatan peralatan yang
diperlukan untuk pengambilan sample dan kebutuhan
peralatan

4
 METODE PENGUMPULAN EMISI

PENDEKATAN PERHITUNGAN EMISI :

Mass Balance
Faktor emisi
Pengukuran Langsung

Ditentukan berdasarkan karekteristik sumber emisi

Dimaksudkan untuk:
Mengetahui pemenuhan Baku Mutu
Pengukuran tingkat Emisi
Mengetahui efektifitas Pengendalian dan Peralatan

5
 Source Sampling and Monitoring

• Air pollutants released to the atmosphere may

be characterized by qualitative description or
quantitative analysis

Pict source:
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https://alamendah.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/pencemaran-udara-2.jpg
 Source Sampling and Monitoring

• Sampling and monitoring, are necessary for air

pollution evaluation and control
• Perlu untuk pengelolaan lingkungan hidup 
RKL-RPL (bagian dari Amdal)

Pict sorce:
7
http://airtechenv.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Sampling_1.jpg
 Purpose Source Sampling

• obtain as representative, precise and accurate a

sample as possible of the material entering the
atmosphere at a minimum cost
• Collecting a sample is a costly and time-consuming
process

8
 Purpose Source Sampling
(specific)
• To obtain data concerning the emissions for an
emission inventory
• to identify a predominant source in the area
• To determine compliance with regulations
• To gather information which will enable selection of
appropriate control equipment
• To determine the efficiency of control equipment
installed to reduce emission

9
 Statistics Of Sampling

• Recall that most statistics are inferential, we

must infer conditions of a larger population
from a much smaller sample
• A sample collected at the rate of 0.3L/min
from a stack discharging 2000m3/min to the
atmosphere is likely to include substantially
large error

10
 Statistics Of Sampling

• If the sample is truly representative, it is said

to be both accurate and unbiased
• If the sample is not representative, it may be
biased because of some consistent
phenomenon (some of the hydrocarbons
condense in the tubing ahead of the trap) or
in error because of some uncontrolled
variation of process etc

11
 Statistics Of Sampling

• Source testing can be considered as simple random

sampling
• The source may be considered to be composed of
such a large population of samples that the
population N is infinite.
• From this population, n units are selected in such a
manner that each unit of the population has an equal
chance of being chosen. For the sample, we can
determine the sample mean, y–:

12
 Statistics Of Sampling

• If the sample is unbiased we can estimate the

source mean, so that:
• The variance of the sample and the population
(source) may also be assumed equal if the
sample is unbiased. The variance is S2,
defined as:
• The variance of the source is usually
calculated by the formula:

13
 Statistics Of Sampling

• For example, if we were to take six samples of

carbon monoxide from the exhaust of an
idling automobile and obtain the CO
percentages as shown in Table 36.1. The
sample mean is:

14
 Statistics of Sampling

• The source mean is assumed to be the same if

the sample is unbiased, as seen by:

• For the preceding example, this is found as

follows:

• The standard deviation of the sample is

defined as the square root of the variance. For
the example, the standard deviation is:
15
 Statistics of Sampling

• The sample represents a population (source)

which, if normally distributed, has a mean of
1.767% and a standard deviation of 0.103%.
This can be illustrated as shown in Fig. 36.2.

16
• The inference from the statistical calculations is
that the true mean value of the carbon
monoxide from the idling automobile has a
66.7% chance of being between 1.664% and
1.870%
• The best single number for the carbon
monoxide emission would be 1.767% (the mean
value).
• Generally, only the values for the mean and
standard deviation would be reported
17
 The Source Test

A. Test Preliminaries
B. Gas Flow Measurement
C. Collection of the Source Sample
D. Calculations and Report

18
 Test Preliminaries

• The first thing that must be done for a successful

source test is a complete review of all relevant
background material (potential parameter, what is
measured etc)
• The test request may come in either verbal or written
form
• If it is verbal, it should be put into writing for the
permanent record
• The request may contain much or little information,
but it is important to verify that it is complete and
understood
19
 Test Preliminaries

• Questions to ask are:

– Why should the test be made? Is it to measure a
specific pollutant such as SO2, or is it to determine
less specific goal, such as identifying where a loss
of a compound is occurring or what is causing the
odor problem in the new residential area?
– What will the test results be used for? Will it be
necessary to go to court, or are the results for
general information only?

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 Tujuan pengukuran yang paling umum

• Kegiatan mahasiswa (uji emisi)

• Proper (Pemeringkatan Perusahaan) 
kegiatan KemenLH
• Pemenuhan RKL-RPL (Rencana Pengelolaan
Lingkungan dan Rencana Pemantauan
Lingkungan)
• Komplain dari warga sekitar
• Kesadaran terhadap lingkungan

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 Test Preliminaries

– What equipment or process is to be tested?

– What are its operational requirements?
– What methods would be preferred by the
analytical group?
– Are the analytical methods standard or unique?
– Can all contaminants be sampled in a single test or
will a series of test be needed (or separate tests
for different target analytes)?

22
 Test Preliminaries

• A literature search regarding the process and

test should be conducted unless the test crew
is thoroughly familiar with the source and all
possible test methods.
• It is important to check the regulations
regarding the process and specific test
procedures as a part of the search.
• A simple check sheet, should be a great aid on
next slide
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24
 Test Preliminaries

• The test must be scheduled well in advance

for the benefit of all concerned
• The plant personnel, as well as the test crew,
should be given the intended date and time of
the test
• When scheduling the test, make sure that the
source will be operating in its normal manner

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 Siapa yang Melakukan

• Laboratorium Terakreditasi maupun Tidak

Terakreditasi
• EnviLab
• Hiperkes
• BTKL
• Sucofindo
• Surveyor
• UniLab
• BLH Propinsi Jatim
• BLH Kab Mojokerto
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 Gas Flow Measurement

• The volume of gaseous effluent from a source

must be determined to obtain the mass loading
to the atmosphere
• Flow measurement through the sampling train
is necessary to determine the volume of gas
containing the pollutant of interest

27
 Sampling Train

http://www3.aiche.org/
Proceedings/Abstract.aspx?
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PaperID=270535
 Gas Flow Measurement

• Many of the sampling devices used for source

testing have associated gas flow indicators
which must be continually checked and
calibrated

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 Pengecekan Alat

http://blh.lamandaukab.go.id/application/
portal/blh_lamandau/berita/detail/
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20140710141938.html
Pengukuran di Lapangan

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• The quantity of gaseous effluent leaving a
process is usually calculated from the
continuity equation, which for this use is
written as:
– where Q is the flow at the specified conditions of
temperature, pressure, and humidity;
– A is the area through which the gas flows;
– and V is the velocity of the effluent gas averaged
over the area.

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 Pengukur Emisi (Gas Analyzer)

http://www.indonetwork.co.id/
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cvkaryabaktinusantar/group+154786/change?
Pressures commonly measured in flow
systems

34
• Table 36.2 shows one commonly accepted
method of dividing stacks or ducts into equal
areas for velocity determinations.

35
• For rectangular ducts, the area is evenly divided
into the necessary number of measurement points.
• For circular ducts, Table 36.3 can be used to
determine the location of the traverse points.

36
37
• In most source tests, the measurement of
velocity is made with a pitotstatic tube,
usually referred to simply as a pitot tube.

38
 Pitot Tube

http://www.tricocorp.com/product/pitot-tube-
sample-ports/
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• The velocity pressure of the flowing gas is read
at each point of the traverse, and the
associated gas velocity is calculated from the
formula:
– where V is the velocity in meters per minute,
– Pv is the velocity pressure in millimeters of water,
– ρ is the gas density in kilograms per cubic meter.

40
 Collection of The Source Sample

• A typical sample train show the minimum

number of components, but in some systems
the components may be combined.
• Some sampling trains become very complex as
additional stages with controls and
instruments are added 41
 Collection of The Source Sample

• Standard sampling trains are specified for some

tests  One of these standards is the system
specified for large, stationary combustion
sources
• This train was designed for sampling
combustion sources and should not be selected
over a simpler sampling train when sampling
non-combustion sources such as low-
temperature effluents from cyclones,
baghouses, filters, etc.
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 Collection of The Source Sample

• Before taking the sample train to the test site, it is wise

to prepare the operating curves for the particular job
• If a sampling train is assembled from components, the
curves must be developed
• The type of curves will vary from source to source and
from train to train
• Examples of useful operating curves include
– velocity versus velocity pressure at various temperatures
– probe tip velocity versus flowmeter readings at various
temperatures,
– flowmeter calibration curves of flow versus pressure drop.

43
 Collection of The Source Sample

• For sampling particulate matter, one is dealing

with pollutants that have very different
inertial and other characteristics from the
carrying gas stream
• It becomes important, therefore, to sample so
that the same velocity is maintained in the
probe tip as exists in the adjacent gas stream
• Such sampling is called isokinetic

44
 Collection of The Source Sample

• Modern transducers and microprocessors

have been used successfully to automate
particulate sampling trains in order to
eliminate the operating curves and manual
adjustments
• The use of the automated system with the
microprocessor, therefore, eliminates both
operator and calculation errors.

45
 Collection of The Source Sample

• When sampling particulate matter from

combustion processes, it is necessary to take
corresponding CO2 readings of the effluent.
• Emission standards usually require
combustion stack gases to be reported relative
to either 12% CO2 or 50% excess air.
• emission standards require that the loadings
be based on weight per standard cubic volume
of air (usually at 20C and 760mmHg)
46
 Collection of The Source Sample

For sampling of gases, the sample can be collected by

any of several devices
1. Commonly used manual methods include:
2. Orsat analyzers,
3. absorption systems,
4. adsorption systems,
5. bubblers,
6. reagent tubes,
7. condensers, and
8. traps
47
 Collection of The Source Sample

• Continuous analyzers are now more widely

used than manual methods  CEMS
• CEMS  Continuous Emission Monitoring
System

48
 Penggunaan CEMS

Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup no. 13

tahun 1995, 4 jenis industri wajib memantau
dengan CEMS (Continuous Emission Monitoring
System) yaitu:
1. Industri Besi dan Baja,
2. Industri Pulp dan Kertas,
3. Pembangkit Listrik (PLTU) Berbahan Bakar
Batubara
4. Industri Semen
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 CEMS

• Selain itu CEMS dan pemantauan manual juga

diwajibkan untuk pembangkit Listrik Tenaga
Termal dengan kapasitas diatas 25 MW
(Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No 21
Tahun 2008)

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CEMS

http://
dayatotalsejatigrup.blogspot.co.id
/2013/12/stack-gas-analyzer-
system-cems.html

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 CEMS

http://dayatotalsejatigrup.blogspot.co.id/
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2013/12/stack-gas-analyzer-system-cems.html
 Types of continuous analyzers

• infrared and ultraviolet instruments;

• flame ionization detectors;
• mass spectrometers;
• calorimetric systems;
• gas, liquid, and solid chromatography;
• coulometric and potentiometric systems;
• chemiluminescence; and
• solid-state electronic systems

53
 Collection of The Source Sample

• If the compound causing the odor is known and

can be chemically analyzed, it may be possible
to get valid quantitative data by direct gas
sampling
• Example  plant producing formaldehyde
• If the effluent were sampled for formaldehyde
vapor, this could be related, through proper
dispersion formulas, to indicate whether the
odor would cause any problems in residential
neighborhoods adjacent to the plant
54
 Collection of The Source Sample

• A very important analytical tool that is

overlooked by many source-testing personnel
is the microscope
• Microscopic analysis of a particulate sample
can tell a great deal about the type of material
collected as well as its size distribution.
• This analysis is necessary if the sample was
collected to aid in the selection of a piece of
control equipment
55
 Collection of The Source Sample

• Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) may be
used for analysis of
particles in air.
• An image of the surface
features on the filter can
then be observed at
magnifications commonly
up to 20 000X and higher,
when needed.
56
 Calculation and Report

• Calculations that are repeatedly made can be

made more accurately, and at lower cost, by using
a computer
• For sampling a relatively small number of sources,
a simplified calculation form may be used
• Many of the manufacturers of source-testing
equipment include example calculation forms as
part of their operating manuals
• Some standard sampling methods include
calculation forms as a part of the method
57
 Calculation and Report

Should state:
1. the purpose of the test
2. what was tested
3. how it was tested
4. the results obtained, and
5. the conclusions reached

58
 Calculation and Report

• The source test report is the end result of a large

amount of work
• Should be thorough, accurate, and written in a
manner understandable to the person who intends to
use it
• Should state the purpose of the test, what was
tested, how it was tested, the results obtained, and
the conclusions reached
• The actual data and calculations should be included
in the appendix of the source test report so that they
are available to substantiate the report if questioned
59
 Calculation and Report

• The actual data and calculations should be

included in the appendix of the source test
report so that they are available to
substantiate the report if questioned

60
 Source Monitoring

• The monitoring of pollutant concentration or

mass flow of pollutants is of interest to both plant
owners and control agencies.
• A monitoring system is selected to meet specific
needs and is tailored to the unique properties of
the emissions from a particular process.
• It is necessary to take into account the specific
process, the nature of the control devices, the
peculiarities of the source, and the use of the
data obtained
61
 Types of Monitoring

• Continuous emission monitors (CEMs) for

plume opacity have been required on all
utility, fossil fuel-fired, steam generators (over
264MJ) constructed in the United States since
December 1971. These monitors are in situ
opacity meters which measure the
attenuation of a light beam projected across
the stack

62
Sampling approaches to monitoring
source emissions

63
 Quality Assurance in Monitoring
• In order to assure that the source is being
accurately monitored, several requirements must
be met. Some of these requirements, which assure
representative, noncontaminated samples, are
shown in Table 36.6.

64
 Monitoring of Particulate
Emissions

• The most common monitoring of particulate

matter is for light attenuation (opacity). Less
frequently used methods exist for monitoring
mass concentration, size distribution, and
chemical composition.
• Opacity is a function of light transmission
through the plume. Opacity is defined as
follows:
• where I0 is the incident light flux and I is the
light flux leaving the plume.
65
• Techniques for monitoring visible emissions
(opacity) are listed in Table 36.7.

66
 Monitoring of Gaseous Emissions

• Gas-monitoring systems are more widely used

than particulate monitoring systems. They can
also be used for both emission compliance
monitors and process control systems.
• Gas monitors may be of either the in situ or
the extractive type

67
• Table 36.8 lists the various types of gas-monitoring systems.

68
 Data Reduction and Presentation

• Continuous monitors usually indicate the

pollutant concentration on both an indicator
and a chart recording
• This provides a visual indication of the
instantaneous emissions, along with a
permanent record of the quantitative emissions
over a period of time
• The monitoring system may also be equipped
with an alarm device to signal the operator if
the allowable emission level is being exceeded
69
 Data Reduction and Presentation

• DATA-LOGGING systems coupled with

MICROPROCESSORS are popular
• These systems can give instantaneous values
of the variables and pollutants of interest,
along with the averages or totals for the
period of concern

70
 Why?

• To support control regulation  emission must

be below threshold  monitoring
• Monitoring  stationary sources  requires
sampling
• Sampling  requires methods and parameters
• This slide discusses sampling methods for
stationary sources (point source (emission on
a stack) and area source (ambient
measurement))
71
EMISSION SAMPLING [3]

72
 Prinsip Pengambilan Sampel
Emisi

Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada bagian

cerobong yang berukuran:
8x diameter cerobong bawah atau
2x diameter cerobong atas
bebas dari gangguan aliran seperti bengkokan,
ekspansi atau penyusutan aliran di cerobong

Slide berikut akan menjelaskan cara menghitung

diameter cerobong
73
 Cerobong Berpenampang empat persegi
panjang

• Dalam contoh ini cerobong berpenampang empat

persegi panjang adalah yang dengan penyempitan
atau pelebaran luas penampang
• Diameter ekuivalen (De) dapat ditentukan dengan
rumus sebagai berikut :

Keterangan :
De = diameter ekivalen (m)
L = Panjang cerobong
W = Lebar cerobong
Pict source: 74
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 Cerobong Berpenampang Lingkaran

• Dalam contoh ini cerobong

berpenampang lingkaran dengan
adanya penyempitan atau pelebaran
diameter
• Untuk cerobong dengan diameter
dalam cerobong atas (d) lebih kecil
dari pada diameter dalam cerobong
bawah (D), diameter ekivalen (De)
ditentukan dengan perhitungan
sebagai berikut :

Keterangan :
De = diameter ekivalen
D = diameter dalam cerobong bawah
d = diameter dalam cerobong atas
Pict source:
http://blh.lamandaukab.go.id/index.php/public/info/detail/
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berita/25
 Persyaratan Lubang Pengambilan Contoh Uji

a) Lubang pengambilan contoh uji harus

mampu mendapatkan data yang akurat:
diameter lubang pengambilan contoh uji
minimal 10 cm
b) Lubang pengambilan contoh uji harus
memakai tutup dengan sistem plate flange
yang dilengkapi dengan baut
c) Arah lubang pengambilan contoh uji tegak
lurus dengan dinding cerobong
76
 lubang pengambilan contoh
uji, dilengkapi dengan plate
flange.

77
http://www.activeset.org/photos/jogel/emissions_test_600.jpg
 Teknis

• Diperlukan tangga dan cat walk untuk

sampai pada lubang titik pengambilan
sampel
• 2D dari Down Stream atau 8D dari Up
Stream
• D : Diameter Cerobong
• Diameter lubang sampling = 10-15 cm
• Misal :
• Diameter cerobong = 80 cm , tinggi
cerobong 20 m
• 2D = 2 x 80 cm = 160 cm ≈ 1.5 m
• 8D = 8 x 80 cm = 640 cm ≈ 6.5 m http://www.watercarelabs.co.nz/
SiteCollectionImages/DSC000331.jpg?
Width=460
78
 Teknis

https://alenhyp05.wordpress.com/lubang-sampling-
emisi-boiler/ 79
 Teknis

• Setelah lubang sampling tersedia pengukuran

emisi boiler dapat dilakukan oleh perusahaan
jasa / instansi yang telah terakreditasi KAN

Pict source:
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https://klipingbekasi.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/dsc07873-1-640.jpg
 Penentuan Titik-titik Lintas

• Cerobong berpenampang bentuk lingkaran

setiap titik-titik lintas pengukuran harus dipilih
pada lokasi seperti pada tabel berikut, dengan
menyesuaikan diameter cerobong yang diukur

81
• Jumlah titik-titik lintas pengukuran paling
sedikit 4 titik untuk diameter cerobong <1m
• Dan paling banyak 20 titik untuk diameter
cerobong >4,5 m
• Masing-masing titik lintas pengukuran
mewakili lokasi dengan luasan yang sama
besar.

82
83
 Penentuan Titik-titik Lintas

• Cerobong berpenampang bentuk segi empat

atau bujur sangkar
setiap luasan cerobong asap harus dibagi menjadi
minimal 4 atau lebih bagian luasan berbentuk segi
empat atau bujur sangkar dengan luas sama
besarnya.

84
 References

1. Vallero D. (2008) Fundamental of Air

Pollutions. 4th Edition, Elsevier, New York
2. Standar Nasional Indonesia SNI 19-7119.6-
2005 Tentang Udara ambien Bagian 6:
Penentuan lokasi pengambilan contoh uji
pemantauan kualitas udara ambien
3. SNI 19-7117.2.2005 mengenai Emisi gas buang
– Sumber tidak bergerak Bagian 2 : penentuan
lokasi titik-titik lintas pengambilan contoh uji
partikel
85