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REVISION Form 4 Biology Chapter 9

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32 views18 pages

REVISION Form 4 Biology Chapter 9

Uploaded by

Pau Siew Ling
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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REVISION

CHAPTER 8

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS IN HUMANS


AND ANIMALS
TEXTBOOK
PG139
1. Respiratory organ

Insects Tracheal system

Fish Gills

Amphibians Skin and lungs

Humans Lungs
The
The Respiratory
Respiratory Structure
Structure Of
Of Insects
Insects

Tracheole
- Provides surface Air sacs
area for the diffusion - Speed up the
of gases movement of gases
- Moist and thin
surface Spiracles
- Have valve which
allow air to go in and
Tracheae go out
- Made up of air tubes
spiracle
trachea oxygen
tracheole

Carbon
dioxide

muscle
The
The Respiratory
Respiratory Structure
Structure Of
Of fish
fish
The
The Respiratory
Respiratory Structure
Structure Of
Of Amphibians
Amphibians

Skin

lungs
The
The Respiratory
Respiratory Structure
Structure Of
Of Humans
Humans
2. Air passage
Spiracl Tracheol
Insects Trachea
e
Cells
e
Mout Opercular Operculu
Fish h Gills Lamellae
cavity m

Amphibian Bucco-Pharyngeal
Lungs
Nostrils
s Cavity
Nostril Trache Bronchiol
Humanss a
Bronchi
es Alveoli
Comparison between human respiratory
system with other organisms

Similarities

1. Have large surface area to volume ratio.


2. Cells lining the respiratory structures are
thin.
3. The surfaces for gaseous exchange are
constantly moist.
ADAPTATIONS OF RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES
FOR EFFICIENT EXCHANGE OF GASES IN BIG
ORGANISMS
• LARGE RATIO OF TOTAL SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME (TSA/V) FOR THE
EFFICIENT EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES.
• A THIN RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE THAT IS ONE CELL THICK, ALLOWS THE
DIFFUSION
OF RESPIRATORY GASES TO OCCUR.
• THE SURFACE OF THE RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE IS ALWAYS MOIST FOR
RESPIRATORY GASES TO DISSOLVE IN THEM.
• THE RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE IS COMPLETE WITH A NETWORK OF BLOOD
CAPILLARIES (EXCEPT FOR INSECTS), THAT ALLOWS FOR THE EFFICIENT
DELIVERY OF
RESPIRATORY GASES.
(b)
(c)
•
TheWhen the mouth
surface of P andopens, the floor
Q is always of the
moist mouththey
because cavityareiscovered
lowered.inAta
the
film of fluid that helps respiratory gases to dissolve. The large number
ofsame time, the
respiratory operculum
structures cavitya enlarges
provides and
large total the operculum
surface area to closes.
This P: alveoli/lung
volumeratio for respiratory gaseous exchange.
reduces the pressure in the mouth cavity. Water containing dissolved
oxygen from outside enters the mouth.
• When the mouth closes, the floor of the mouth cavity is raised up.
Water Q: gills
(d)flows through the gill’s lamellae and gaseous exchange occurs
between
The rate of theoxygen supply to all cells in the human body is high
blood and
because by diffusion.
humans At the same
have diaphragm andtime, the operculum
intercostal muscles muscles
to aid in the
relax and mechanism. These are not found in fish. Besides, humans
breathing
the operculum
have a muscularcavity
heart becomes smaller.
that is able to pumpTheoxygenated
volume of the mouth
blood to the
cavity
whole isbody faster
reduced resulting in a higher pressure in the mouth cavity compared
Humans Insects
System/organ: lungs
Similarities: System/organ: tracheal system
• The
Air enters the respiratory surface
trachea through is moist to dissolve oxygen for diffusion. Air enters the trachea through the spiracles
the nostrils
• The respiratory surface is thin for fast gas diffusion.
The nasal cavity does not have any valves Spiracles have valves
• The respiratory surface has a large ratio of total surface area to volume that allows more gases to
The trachea branches
diffuse intoit.bronchus/bronchi
through The trachea branches into tracheoles
Bronchus/bronchi end in alveoli Tracheoles have dead ends
Differences:
Gaseous exchange occurs in the alveoli Gaseous exchange occurs in the tracheoles
The trachea is supported by cartilage rings to prevent collapse The trachea is supported by chitin rings

Alveoli is covered in a network of blood capillaries The tracheoles are not covered with blood capillaries but come into direct
contact with body cells
Oxygen is transported to body cells through blood Oxygen diffuses directly from the tracheole to body cells
Gaseous exchange is facilitated by intercostal muscles and diaphragm Gaseous exchange is facilitated by abdominal muscles
Answer:
9 (a) • Air is inhaled when the external intercostal muscles contract and the internal intercostal
muscles relax.
• This action causes the rib cage to rise upwards and outwards.
• At the same time, the diaphragm muscles contract, lowering and flattening the diaphragm.
• The volume of the thoracic cavity increases while the pressure decreases, and air is
drawn into the lungs due to the higher atmospheric pressure on the outside.
(b) • The higher CO2 partial pressure in body cells compared to that of the tissue capillaries causes
CO2 to diffuse from body cells into blood plasma.
• A small portion of carbon dioxide blood plasma is dissolved and another portion is transported by
the haemoglobin.
• Most of the carbon dioxide diffuses into the red blood cells (erythrocytes).
• In the erythrocytes, carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3).
• Carbonic acid dissociates to bicarbonate ions (HCO3–) and hydrogen ions.
• HCO3– diffuses into the blood plasma and is carried to the lungs. HCO3– ions then combine with H+
to form carbonic acid (H2CO3).
• Carbonic acid then dissociates to produce carbon dioxide and water.
• The high in the lung capillaries as opposed to the low CO2 partial pressure in the alveoli causes
CO2 to diffuse from the lung capillaries into the alveoli and subsequently, expelled through
exhalation.
PBD

Tracheal system

Nostrils nose → nasal cavity → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles →


alveoli

Increasing the surface for gas absorption


The abdominal muscles relax and cause the spiracles to open. Abdominal
volume increases and air pressure in the trachea decreases. The air enters the
spiracles. The contraction of the abdominal muscles causes the volume of the
abdomen to decrease and the air pressure in the trachea increases. The air
comes out through the spiracles.

• External intercostal contracts, internal


intercostal relaxes
• The rib cage moves up and out.
• The volume of the thoracic cavity increases.
• The pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases.
• The air is forced to enter.
• External intercostal is relaxes, internal intercostal
contracts.
• The rib cage moves down and inside.
• The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.
• Pressure in the thoracic cavity increases.
The oxygen concentration in the inhaled air is higher than in the exhaled air. The
concentration of carbon dioxide in the inhaled air is lower than that of the exhaled
air.

The partial pressure of oxygen in the inhaled air is higher than in the exhaled air.
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in inhaled air is lower than that of exhaled air
The opercula cannot be closed completely. Air pressure in the fish mouth cavity cannot be
optimised. The inward movement of water containing dissolved oxygen is also incomplete..
Oxygen consumption from the environment is reduced

Excessive carbon dioxide in the body causes a decrease in blood pH and blood pressure
become acidic.

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