DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE IN INDIA

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 CONTENTS

• Definition
• Sources of demographic data
• Demographic cycle
• Demographic trends in World
• Demographic trends in India
• Demographic Indicators
 DEFINITION

• Scientific study of Human population

• It focuses its attention on three readily observable human phenomena
a) Changes in population size
b) Composition of population
c) Distribution of population in space
• It deals with five demographic process like fertility, mortality, marriage, migration
and social mobility
 SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

• Census(conducted at every 10 year interval)

• Vital events registration(births, deaths and marriages)
• Sample registration system(SRS)
• Population surveys
• National Family Health Survey(NFHS)
DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
 DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN WORLD

• Around 2000 years ago at the beginning of Christian era, population of world was
around 250 million
• Current world’s total population is 7.7 billion (WPD 2020)
• Projected world population is 8 billion(2025)
• Worlds population is growing at an annual rate of 1.1 percent(WPD 2020)
• Three fourths of world’s population lives in developing countries
 WORLD BIRTH RATE

• The world’s birth rate fell below 30 for the first time around 1975 and had
declined to about 18.2 per 1000 population (WPD 2020)
• Examples: Singapore and Thailand
• Key factors in fertility decline include
a) Change in marriage patterns
b) Spread of education
c) Increased availability of contraception
d) Extension of services offered through Family planning programmes
 WORLD DEATH RATE

• The global death rate declined from 11(1980) to 7 per thousand population
(WPD 2020)
• Crude death rates are mainly affected by Infant and Child mortality
• Decline in death rate is due to
a) Improvement in maternal and child health services
b) Implementation of Expanded programme on Immunisation
c) Diarrhoeal disease and Acute respiratory infection control programmes
d) Control of other Infectious diseases
reflected decline in crude death rate
 DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN INDIA

• Crude birth rate in India -19.7,rural-21.4, urban-16.4 per 1000 mid year
population(SRS 2019)
• Crude death rate in India -6.0, rural-6.5, urban-5.0 per 1000 mid year
population(SRS 2019)
• Annual growth rate – 1.3 percent (rapid growth rate)
• Decline in death rate is due to improvement in sanitation, hygiene and successful
implementation of heath programs
• Tamil Nadu CBR and CDR are 14.2 and 6.1 per 1000 mid year population (SRS
2019)
 DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS

• Divided into two parts

1) Population statistics
2) Vital statistics
• Population statistics - Population size, sex ratio, density and dependency ratio
• Vital statistics – birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate, life expectancy at
birth, mortality and fertility rates
 POPULATION SIZE

• Population of India - 1210.2 million(Census 2011), 1400 million(WPD 2020)

• Second most populous country in the world(Rural- 833, Urban- 377)
• Seventh in land area
• Decadal growth rate – 17.64 percent (2011)
• Population of Tamil Nadu – 72,147 million (Census 2011)
 YEAR OF BIG DIVIDE

• 1921- “the Great divide” absolute number of people added to the population
during this decade has been on increase
 POPULATION SIZE

Ranking of most populous states by projected population size

RANK STATE POPULATION 2020
1 Uttar Pradesh 231,425
2 Maharashtra 128,711
3 Bihar 108,377
4 Andhra Pradesh 90,949
5 Madhya Pradesh 82,134
6 Rajasthan 76,759
7 Tamil Nadu 70,617
8 Gujarat 65,532
9 Karnataka 64,410
10 Odisha 43,732
 POPULATION SIZE

Age and sex composition:

• In the age group 0-14 years, male population is about 1.2 percent more than
female
• In the age group of 60+, percentage of female population is 0.7 percent more than
male population(SRS 2019)

Population pyramid:
• Graphical representation of age and sex of population
• Pyramid is typical of developing countries with broad base and tapering top
POPULATION PYRAMID
 SEX RATIO

• Defined as “ the number of females per 1000 males”

• Sex ratio in India - 940 females per 1000 males (Census 2011)
• 1020 females per 1000 males(NFHS 2019)
Tamil Nadu - 1088 females per 1000 males(NFHS 2019)
• The top three states recording highest value of overall sex ratio are Kerala(1084),
Tamil Nadu(1088), Puducherry(1035)
 SEX RATIO AT BIRTH

• Defined as number of female births per 1000 male births

• Sex ratio at birth can be affected by sex selectivity at birth
• In India – 929, rural-931, urban-924 females per 1000 males(NFHS 2019)
• In Tamil Nadu – 878, rural 867, urban-893 females per 1000 males(NFHS 2019)
• States with low sex ratio at birth:
UP, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Tamil Nadu
 SEX RATIO

Continued…
• Low sex ratio indicates
 strong male child preference
 consequent gender inequities
 female infanticide
 female foeticide
 higher maternal mortality
 CHILD SEX RATIO

• Defined as the total number of girl children (0-6 years) per 1000 boys (0-6 years)
• In India - 914 /1000(Census 2011)
• Child sex ratio of the country has fallen to a large extent from 927 to 914 between
2001 and 2011
• Schemes:
1) Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao scheme(save daughters, educate daughters)
2) Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana
3) Balika Samriddhi Yojana
4) Ladli scheme
 DEPENDENCY RATIO

• Ratio of combined age groups 0-14 years plus 65 years and above to the 15-65
years age group

×100

• In India, 48.43 percent (WPD 2020)

• Young age dependency ratio is 26.2 percent
• Old age dependency ratio is 6.6 percent
 DEPENDENCY RATIO

Continued…
• There is a shift from child dependency to old age dependency, as fertility declines
and Life expectancy increases
• Demographic bonus: Connotes the period when the dependency ratio in the
population declines because of decline in fertility, until it starts to raise again
because of increase in longevity
• Demographic burden: Connotes increase in total dependency ratio during any
period of time, mostly caused by increased old age dependency ratio
 POPULATION DENSITY

• Ratio between population and surface(land) area

• In the Indian census, density is defined as the number of persons, living per square
kilometre.
• Density of population in India = 464 persons/ sq km (2020)
Tamil Nadu = 555 persons/sq km
• State with highest population density- West Bengal
• State with lowest population density- Arunachal Pradesh
 URBANIZATION

• Urban population- Number of person residing in urban localities

• Urban areas are Towns and also all places having
a) 5000 or more inhabitants
b) density of not less than 1000 persons per square mile or 390 per sq km
c) At least three fourths of adult male population employed in persuits other than
agriculture
• Urban population stands at 471 million(34.5 percent)
• Mumbai is the highest populous city with 12.69 million followed by Delhi
• Chennai stands fifth with population of 4.32 million
 URBANIZATION

Continued….
• Increase in urban population has been attributed to
a) Natural growth and migration from villages for employment opportunities
b) Attraction of better living conditions and availability of social services such as
education, health, transport, entertainment, etc
 FAMILY SIZE

• Refers to total number of children a woman has borne at a point in time

• It depends upon number of factors such as duration of marriage, education of the
couple, the number of live births and living children, preference of male children,
etc
• Family planning programme is currently based on the theme of a “two- child”
family norm, with a view to reach the long term demographic goal of NRR=1
• Family planning involves both the decision regarding the “desired family size”
and the effective limitation of fertility once that size has been reached
 LITERACY AND EDUCATION

• A person is deemed to be literate if he or she can read and write with

understanding in any language
• Higher levels of education and literacy lead to a greater awareness and is a pre-
requisite for acquiring various skills and better use of health care facilities
×100

×100
 LITERACY AND EDUCATION

Continued..
• Total number of illiterates has come down from 301 million(2001) to 272
million(2011) showing a decline in 31 million
• A decadal increase in number of literates among males is of 31.9 percent and the
corresponding increase among females is of 49.1 percent
• Census 2011
LITERACY RATE MALE FEMALES
India 74.04 82.14 65.46
• LITERACY RATE
Tamil Nadu 80.33 • MALES 86.61 73.86
• FEM

• LITERACY RATE
• MAL
 LITERACY AND EDUCATION
Continued…

• Highest literacy rate - Kerala(93.91)

• Lowest literacy rate – Bihar(63.82)
NFHS 2019

urban rural total

 LIFE EXPECTANCY

• Average number of years which a person of that age can expect to live, according
to the mortality pattern prevalent in the country
• Life Expectancy at birth has continued to increase globally over the years
• Trends in Life Expectancy show that people are living longer and they have right
to a long life in good health, rather than one of pain and disability
DEVELOPING MALE FEMALE DEVELOPED MALE FEMALE
COUNTRIES COUNTRIES
Nepal 67 70 UK 79 83
Bangladesh 71 64 USA 76 81
India 68 70 Japan 81 87
Sri Lanka 74 80 Sweden 81 85
Thailand 73 80 Singapore 81 85
Pakistan 67 71 Switzerland 82 85
 FERTILITY

• Fertility usually refers to actual child bearing

• Factors affecting fertility:
• Age at marriage:
earlier the marriage more will be the number of children.
The Child Marriage restraint Act 1978, Hindu Marriage Act 1925 has governed the
age of marriage
The minimum age approved for marriage in India is 18 years for girls and 21 years
for boys
• Duration of married life:
Longer the duration of married life more will be the fertility. Family planning
efforts should be concentrated in first few years of married life
Continued…

• Spacing of children: when all births are delayed by 1 year in each group there was
decrease in total fertility
• Education: education provides knowledge, increased exposure to information and
increases female involvement in family planning
• Family planning: Important factor in fertility reduction, Family planning
programmes can be initiated rapidly and require only limited resources compared
to other factors
 FERTILITY INDICATORS

• Crude birth rate:

Total number of live births in a given area per 1000 midyear population

Crude birth rate

CBR in India- 19.7(SRS 2019)
• Unsatisfactory method of fertility as total population is not exposed to child
bearing
 FERTILITY INDICATORS

• General fertility rate:

Number of live births per 1000 women in the reproductive age-group in a given
year
×1000

• GFR in India - 70.4(SRS 2018)

• Better measure of Fertility because the denominator is restricted to number of
woman in reproductive age, rather than whole population
 FERTILITY INDICATORS

• Total fertility rate:

It is the average number of children a woman would have if she passes through
the current fertility rates during her reproductive age
One of the most useful indicators reflecting completed family size
TFR in India - 2.0 (NFHS 2019), urban-1.6, rural-2.1
Below the replacement level
TFR in Tamil Nadu – 1.8 (NFHS 2019)
 FERTILITY INDICATORS

• Gross reproduction rate:

Average number of girls that woman would have if she experiences the current
fertility pattern through out her reproductive span (15-44), assuming no mortality
GRR in India -1.0(SRS 2018), urban-0.8, rural-1.1
• Net reproduction rate:
Average number of daughters a newborn girl will bear during her lifetime assuming
fixed age-specific fertility and mortality rates
NRR of 1 reflects achieving the two children norm
 FERTILITY INDICATORS

• Couple protection rate:

It is defined as percentage of eligible couples who are protected from child birth by
one or other approved method of family planning
CPR should be more than 60% to achieve goal of NPR = 1
CPR in India – 54%(Census 2011)
urban rural total
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