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Columns Lecture 1

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Alamgir Khan
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4 views

Columns Lecture 1

Uploaded by

Alamgir Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COLUMNS

COLUMN
It is a vertical member which is primarily subjected
to axial compression in which major deformation is
shortening.

TYPES OF COLUMN BASED ON SHAPE

Square Section.
Rectangular Section.
Circular Section.
L-Section.
T-Section.
TYPES OF COLUMN BASED ON SHAPE

Square Section Rectangular Section

Circular Section

T-Section L-Section
TYPES OF COLUMN BASED ON REINFORCEMENT

Tied columns have the bars braced or tied at


close intervals by close loops called ties.

Spiral columns have the bars and the core


concrete wrapped with a closely spaced helix.

Composite columns consists of a structural


steel or cast iron column encased in concrete
reinforced with both longitudinal and transverse
reinforcements.
Pipe columns or concrete filled steel tubes
are circular, rectangular or square hollow sections
filled with concrete without any additional
reinforcement.
TYPES OF COLUMN BASED ON REINFORCEMENT

Vertical
bars

Transverse
Ties

Steel
Section

Tied Composite
Column Column
TYPES OF COLUMN BASED ON REINFORCEMENT

Vertical
bars

Spirals
Pipe

Spiral Pipe Column


Column
TYPES OF COLUMN BASED ON POSITION OF LOAD

Concentrically Loaded
Column
When the resultant of the load coincides with the
centroid of the cross-section, the column is said
to be concentrically loaded column.

Eccentrically Loaded
Column
When the resultant of the load does not coincide
with the centroid of the cross-section, the column
is said to be eccentrically loaded column. There
are two types of eccentrically loaded columns;

Uni-axially eccentrically loaded column.


Bi-axially eccentrically loaded column.
TYPES OF COLUMN BASED ON POSITION OF LOAD

P (Load)
P (Load) P (Load)
ex
ex ey

Concentrically Uni-axially Bi-axially


Loaded eccentrically eccentrically
Column loaded column loaded
column.
SOURCES OF ECCENTRICITY IN COLUMNS

e
P (Load) P (Load)
P
e (Load)

M=Pxe

Initial Eccentric
crookedness loading Out-of-plumbness
TYPES OF COLUMN ACCORDING TO ACI CODE

CLASSIFICATION FOR BRACED COLUMNS

Short
Column
 In short columns there are no 2nd order effects
and the failure is due to crushing of concrete
without any instability.

 A column is said to be a short column if it


satisfies the following condition;
KL u M1
 34  12
r M2
Where,
K → Effective length factor taken from alignment
charts.
M1 → Magnitude of smaller end moment with sign.
M2 → Magnitude of larger end moment with sign.
M1/M2 → ‘ 0’ for concentrically loaded column.
M1/M2 → ‘ positive’ for single curvature.
M1/M2 → ‘negative’ for Reverse curvature.
P P

M2 M2

M1 M1
 ive  ive
M2 M2

M1 M1

P P
Reverse Single
Curvature Curvature
Slender
Column
 These columns fail due to buckling, instability or
2nd order effect.

 The failure load is less than that of a short


column.

 As length of column increases, the probability


of failure due to buckling increases.

 A column is said to be a slender column if it


satisfies the following condition;

KL u M1
 34  12
r M2
CLASSIFICATION FOR SWAY PERMITTED COLUMNS

Short
Column
A column is said to be a short column if it satisfies
the following condition;

KL u
 22
r
Slender
Column
A column is said to be a slender column if it
satisfies the following condition;

KL u
 22
r
TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMNS

Longitudinal Steel

 Steel present along the length of the column.

 The main function of longitudinal reinforcement


is to prevent creep and shrinkage in concrete.

 It provides resistance against lateral bending,


cracking and reduction of moment of inertia value.

 It reduces the size of the column.


Transverse Steel
 It provides confinement to the inner concrete or
core concrete i.e. the concrete which is present
inside the longitudinal reinforcement.
Confinement provides ductility and it also
increases the strength of the concrete.

 Transverse steel reduces the chances of


buckling of longitudinal steel.

 It holds the longitudinal steel in position during


casting .

 Transverse steel provides resistance against


shear.
TYPES OF TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

Ties or Transverse ties


Lateral ties are commonly used in the columns
because of lesser construction cost and ease of
placement.

Spiral Reinforcement
 Spiral columns are used where we need more
ductility i.e., in earthquake zones.

 Spiral columns sustain maximum load at


excessive deformation.

 The disadvantage of spiral reinforcement is


that it is very difficult to place in the field.
NOMINAL CAPACITY OF CONCENTRICALLY
LOADED SHORT COLUMNS

Steel always yields first because it is lesser in


amount and due to pure compression it is yielded.

εcu = 0.003 (Strain at which concrete crushes)


εy = 0.0015 or 0.0021 (Strain at which steel yields)

After yielding of steel, load is taken by concrete


alone and the resistance is provided by the
concrete only. A stage comes when concrete
crushes while steel is already yielded (final stage).

Within elastic range, If the bond between concrete


and steel is perfect then they equally shorten.
εc = fc an εs = fs
Ec Es
d
εc = εs

fc f
= s
Ec Es
fs = n f c
Now, Modular Ratio, nEs
Ec
Ag = Ast + Ac
Pn = Pc + P s
Pn = Ac fc + Ast fs

Pn = fc ( Ag − Ast ) + Ast (n fc )
(within elastic range,
Pn = fc [Ag + ( n −1 )Ast ] service loads)
ANALYSIS PROBLEM
A Reinforced concrete concentrically
loaded short column has a cross-sectional
area 450 x 450 mm2 and is reinforced by
Grade 420, 8 # 19 bars. If at any stage,
concrete stress fc = 10 MPa (fc’ = 20 MPa),
what will be corresponding load carrying
capacity of the column ?
( Ans. Pn = 2229.12 kN )
STENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR,φ

Section of concentrically loaded column is


always compression controlled.
For tied columns, φ = 0.65
For spiral columns, φ = 0.70
As there is always some eccentricity in a column,
some additional safety factor is applied to φ
factor,
Additional F.O.S. for tied columns = 0.80
Additional F.O.S. for spiral columns = 0.85

Therefore, total strength reduction factor is,


For tied columns = 0.80 x 0.65
For spiral columns = 0.85 x 0.70
CONCLUDED

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