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NUTRITION:- The process of taking in and

using food.
NUTRIENTS:- Substances in food that are
used as energy sources to run the system of
the body.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:- The organs and
glands in the body that are responsible for
digestion.
DIGESTION:- Breakdown of food to smaller
molecules.
 INTRODUCTION
The digestive
system is used
for breaking
down food into
nutrients which
then pass into
the circulatory
system and are
taken to where
they are needed
in the body.
 Ingestion: Taking in food
There are four stages to food processing:

Digestion: Breaking down food

into nutrients.
Absorption: Taking in nutrients by
cells
Egestion:- Removing any leftover
wastes.
Digestion :-The chemical breakdown
of complex substances into simpler
substances.
It breaks down food into smaller units so
that they pass through the cell membranes of
the wall of the gut.
The major conversions are-
Protein into amino acids
Carbohydrates into simpler sugar
Lipids to fatty acids
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Alimentary canal Digestive glands
Mouth Salivary glands
Oesophagus Liver
Stomach Gall bladder
Small intestine Pancreas
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
 Two phases of digestion
Mechanical phase:- Involves the breaking
up of food into small pieces, pushing the food
down the food tube, and mixing with it
digestive juices.

Chemical phase:- Involves the further

breaking up of the larger molecules of food
into smaller molecules by the action of
digestive enzymes.
 MOUT
It is upper expanded
H portion which forms
the beginning of alimentary canal. The
important structures of mouth are:

1. Lips
2. Tongue
3. Teeth
4. Salivary gland
TONGUE-Tongue lie in the floor of the mouth and it is attached to hyoid bone

Functions:-
Tongue helps in
manipulating the
food while chewing
and mixing it with
saliva, tasting,
cleaning the food
particles from the
teeth and aids in
speaking also.
 Teeth
The human teeth function to mechanically
break down food items by cutting, speaking.
Humans have four types of teeth:
Incisors
Canines
Premolar
Molar
 Different shapes of teeth
Incisors:- The four front teeth
in the centre of each jaw. They
are used for biting and cutting.
Canines :-One on either side of
the incisors. They are used for
holding and tearing.
Premolars:- Two on each side in
each jaw next to canines. Each
has hill like projections or cusps
called bicuspid. Helps in
grinding and crushing the food.
Molar:- Last three teeth present
next to premolar. They help in
grinding and crushing of food.
 Stages of teeth
Mammalian teeth
appear in two sets
during lifetime.
In humans, the first
set, or milk teeth,
consists of 20 teeth,
when the child is
about 7-8 months old.
Temporary or
deciduous teeth.
Permanent teeth.
 Dental formula
 The number of permanent teeth of mammals is
usually indicted in a formula in which the number of
Incisors, Canines, Premolars and Molar is given
in the form of dental formula.
Human child:-2,1,0,2 =20
2,1,0,2
Human adolescent:- 2,1,2,2 =28
2,1,2,2
Human adult:- 2,1,2,3 =32
2,1,2,3
 Structure of a Tooth

INCISOR OR CANINE PREMOLAR

Salivary glands
The salivary glands
are exocrine glands,
glands with ducts, that
produce saliva and
pour their secretion in
the oral cavity.
It produce an enzyme
Salivary
amylase(ptyalin).
Cleans the mouth and
tends to destroy germs
to prevent tooth decay.
STARCHSalivary MALTOSE
amylase
Salivary gland
•The saliva is
secreted by 3 pairs
of SG
•Parotid glands:-
located just in front
of and beneath each
ear.
•Sub mandibular
glands:- lies in lower
jaw on each side.
•Sub lingual gland:-
OESOPHAGUS
A straight muscular tube that is about 10
inches(25cm)long which connects the throat
with the stomach.
Food takes about 4 to 8 seconds as it passes
through to the stomach.
Its walls contain smooth muscles that contracts
in wavy motion(Peristalsis).
 Peristalsis propels food and liquid slowly
down the oesophagus into the stomach.
The opening of the oesophagus into the
stomach – Cardiac Sphincter.
 STOMACH
J- shaped muscular The opening of the
sac stomach into the
Located below intestine-PYLORUS
diaphragm.
Churns and grinds
together the bolus
into smaller pieces.
Food is mixed with
gastric juices(HCL
and enzymes)
secreted by the
stomach walls.
 STOMACH
Gastric juice is
secreted by the inner HCL
lining of the stomach.
Pepsinogen
It contains water,salts INACTIVE ACTIV
Pepsin E
,HCL and an
enzyme(pepsin). Pepsin
Pepsin is first
Protein Peptides
secreted as
pepsinogen which is s
then changed to
pepsin.
SMALL INTESTINE
Long tube(7 meters) present beneath
the stomach.
It is coiled and folded in the abdomen.
Has three parts:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
 Structure of intestinal villi
The inner lining of the ileum is
made into a great number of
tiny finger like projections
called villi.
The villi increase the inner
surface area of the
intestine(8 times more).
This helps in absorption of
digested food.
Each villus is covered by a
single cell thick epithelium.
Inside the villus contains
artery, vein, inter connecting
blood capillaries and a lymph
vessel called lacteal.
 LARGE INTESTINE
The large intestine is about 1.5
meters long.
It has 3 parts-
Ceacum:-is a small blind pouch
situated at the junction between
small and large intestine.
Colon :-it passes up the
abdomen on the right(ascending
colon), crosses to the left just
below the stomach(transverse
colon) and down on the left
side(descending colon).
Rectum :-is the last part about
15cm long which opens at the
anus.
 LIVER
Is the largest gland of the body.
It is a reddish brown organ located in the
upper right side of the abdomen just below
the diaphragm.
FUNCTIONS:-1. Control of blood sugar
level.
2.Control of amino acid levels.
3.It produces the RBC in the embryo.
Detoxification organ.
 BILE
This is a yellowish green watery fluid
produced in the liver.
The hepatic duct is joined by the cystic duct to
form the common bile duct.
The bile may flow directly into the duodenum.
The colour of the bile is due to the pigments-
biliverdin and bilirubin.

Bile
1.Fa Emulsion/emulsified
t fat
Bil
2.Acidic chyme e Alkaline chyme
NaHCO
3
 PANCREATIC JUICE
This is produced in a whitish gland,
pancreas, located behind the stomach.
The pancreatic duct opens into duodenum
by an apertutre called bile duct.
The panceatic juice contains 3 kinds of
enzymes-
Amylopsin, Trypsin, Steapsin.
Overall role of pancreatic enzymes is as follows:
Enterokina
1.Trypsinogense Tryps
in
Trypsin Smaller peptides + amino acids
Proteins

Leftover starch Amylopsi Maltos

n e
Emulsified fat Steapsin Fatty acids+ Glycerol
 INTESTINAL JUICE
Erepsin/
Peptides Peptidases
Amino acids

Maltase
Maltose Glucose

Sucrose Sucrase
Glucose +
Fructose
Lactose(milk sugar)Lactase
Glucose +
Galactose
Emulsified fat Lipase
Fatty acids+ Glycero