Networking Basics

Course Code: 3116 Course Title: Computer Networks

Dept. of Computer Science

Faculty of Science and Technology

Lecturer No: 1 Week No: 1 Semester: Summer 23-24

Lecturer: Nusrat Jahan Anannya, [email protected]
Lecture Outline

1. Overview of TCP/IP Protocol Suite

2. Connecting Devices
 Repeater
 Hub
 Bridge
 Switch
 Bridge
3. Collision domain and Broadcast domain
4. Ethernet Standards
5. WLAN Standards
Overview of TCP/IP protocol suite

 Application Layer
 Only layer which interacts with users
applications
 Takes data from users in sending end
and provide the data to user in the
receiving end.
 Protocols include HTTP, DNS, FTP, Fig. 1Layers of TCP/IP protocol su
 Transport Layer
SMTP.
 gets the message from the application layer,
 Implemented in source and
encapsulates it in a segment and sends it, through the
destination devices only
logical connection, to the transport layer at the
destination host.
 Message delivery can be reliable but slow (TCP) or
unreliable but fast (UDP)
 Overview of TCP/IP protocol
suite...
 Network Layer or Internet Layer
 Require for communication between multiple networks
 Introduces IP address , perform routing and congestion
control
 Encapsulate segment into a packet (called IP datagram)
 Used in end devices and network layer devices (Router,
 PC, Layer 3 switch, etc.)
 Protocols Layer
Data-link
include IP ICMP, RIP, EIGRP, OSPF etc.
 Require for communication inside a network
 Introduces MAC address, perform error control and flow
control
 Encapsulating packet into frame
 Used in all devices (PC, Router, Switch, Bridge) except
hub & repeater

Overview of TCP/IP protocol
suite….

 Physical Layer
 Accepts a complete frame from the Data Link layer and
encodes it as a series of signals that are transmitted
onto the local media.
 Specifies transmission media
 Network physical topology [1]

Fig. 2 Encapsulation/Decapsulation
Connecting Devices
Repeater

 Repeater
 Layer 1 device that takes voltage from the line, amplifies
the voltage, and sends it down the line [3].
 Used to extend a network beyond the maximum length of
the cable segment [2]
 If there is any “noise” caused by electromagnetic
interference on the wire, it will also amplify the noise and
send it [3].
 The use of three repeater in a row results in an unusable
signal transmission because of extreme noise [3].
 These devices are not in common use anymore; they have
been replaced
by hubs, bridges, and switches.
Connecting Devices….
Repeater

switch/hub/bridge

Fig. 3 Use of repeaters and switch/hub/bridge [2]

 Connecting Devices….
Hub
 Hub
 A repeater with more than one
output port.
 Electrical signal comes through
one port of the hub and gets
amplified and sent out through
all ports of the hub.
 if you have a 10-Mbps hub and Fig. 4 Broadcasting of a Hub [2]
 three devices are transmitting at
For a successful transmission, only one station can send data
the same time, each device gets
at a time.
 one third of the bandwidth [5].
More active ports cause more collision among signal, thereby
resulting in lower data rate.
 A layer 1 device [2] and is Used to connect devices of a single
network
Connecting Devices….
Bridge

Bridge
 A layer 2 device
 Used to connect devices of
a single network
 It sends the received
frame only to the intended
destination based on the
destination MAC address
of the frame.
 Better bandwidth usage
[3].
 Unlike hub, it has error Fig. 5 Filtering of a Bridge [2]
detection capability
 Limited ports (2-4, usually
 Connecting Devices….
Switch

Switch
D E F
 A layer 2 device
 Used to connect devices of a
single network
 Like a Bridge, it sends the
received frame only to the
intended destination based on
the destination MAC address of
the frame. Frame to F
 Unlike hub, it has error
A B C
detection capability
 Hundreds of ports( 2 to more
than 100) Fig. 6 Filtering of a Switch [2]
 Frame forwarding decision is
taken based hardware, hence it
Connecting Devices….
Router

 Router
 A layer 3 device
 Used to connect multiple
networks
 Connected networks can have
different protocols and speed.
 Forward packets based on
destination IP address
 Most intelligent connecting
device Fig. 7 Router connecting multiple
 Can also be used to forward networks [6]
packet within a network
 Slower than switch because of
Collision Domain

 The “collision domain” describes a network where packet collisions can occur when
two devices on a shared network medium send packets simultaneously.
 Hub: All ports belong to the same collision domain.
 Bridge, Switch, Router: Each port belongs to a separate collision domain.
 Broadcast Domain
 All the devices in the broadcast domain can reach via broadcast at the data link layer.
 A Broadcast Domain can receive any broadcast packet originating from any device
within the network segment.
 All ports of hub and switch belong to same broadcast domain but all ports of the router
belong do different broadcast domain [9].
Ethernet Standards
TABLE I Ethernet Standard [7]
Spee Commo Informal Form Cable Type Max.
d n Standar al Length
Name d Name Stand
ard
Name
10 Ethernet 10BASE-T 802.3 Cat3 100 m
Mbps
100 Fast 100BASE-T 802.3 Cat5 100 m
Mbps Ethernet u
1000 Gigabit 1000BASE 802.3z Single mode fiber 5000 m
Mbps Ethernet -LX
50-micron multimode 550 m
fiber
62.5-micron 440 m
multimode fiber
1000 Gigabit 1000BASE- 802.3a Cat5, Cat5e 100 m
Ethernet Standards
TABLE I Ethernet Standard [7]

Speed Common Informal Formal Cable Type Max.

Name Standard Name Standard Length
Name
10 Mbps Ethernet 10BASE-T 802.3 Cat3 100 m

100 Mbps Fast Ethernet 100BASE-T 802.3u Cat5 100 m

1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-LX 802.3z Single mode fiber 5000 m

50-micron multimode fiber 550 m

62.5-micron multimode 440 m

fiber
1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-T 802.3ab Cat5, Cat5e 100 m

10 Gbps 10 Gig bit 10GBASE-T 802.3an Cat6, Cat6a 100 m

Ethernet
 WLAN Standards
TABLE II WLAN Standard [8]
Relea Standa Frequency Bandwi Transmissi Max MIMO Max
se rd band dth on scheme modulati data
date on rate
1997 802.11 2.4 GHz 20 MHz DSSS, FHSS QPSK N/A 2 Mbp
1999 802.11 2.4 GHz 20 MHz DSSS QPSK N/A 11 Mbp
b
1999 802.11 5 GHz 20 MHz OFDM 64 QAM N/A 54 Mbp
a
2003 802.11 2.4 GHz 20 MHz DSSS, 64 QAM N/A 54 Mbp
g OFDM
2009 802.11 2.4 GHz 20 MHz OFDM 64 QAM 600
n 5 GHz 40 MHz Mbps
2013 802.11 5 GHz 20 MHz OFDM 256 QAM 6.93
ac 40 MHz Gbps
80 MHz
160 MHz
 Connecting Devices….
Acronyms

SSS: Direct sequence spread spectrum

HSS: Frequency hop spread spectrum
FDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDM: Single carrier frequency domain multiplexing
QPSK: Quadrature phase shift keying
QAM: Quadrature amplitude modulation
MIMO: Multiple input multiple output
Beamforming: Technique of focusing a wireless signal towards a
specific receiving device
References
[1] B. A. Forouzan, Data Communication and Networking, 5th ed., The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., USA, 2013, pp. 38-42.
[2] P. Ciccarelli and C. Faulkner, Networking Foundations, Sybex
Inc., USA, 2004, pp. 160 –
165.
[3] D. Liu, Cisco CCNA/CCENT Exam 640-802, 640-822, 640-816
Preparation Kit, Syngress
Publishing, Inc., 2009, pp. 607-609.
[4] Difference between a switch and a bridge,
https://geek-university.com/ccna/ differences-between-a-switch-a
nd-a-bridge/
, [Accessed: April. 22, 2020].
[5] D. Barrett and T. King, Computer Networking Illuminated,
Jones and Bartlett Publishers,
Inc., USA, 2003, pp. 90-91.
[6] T. Dean, Network+ Guide to Networks, Course Technology,
USA, 2013, pp. 270.
[7] W. Odom, Official Cert Guide CCNA 200-301 Volume 1,
Pearson Education, Inc.,
Recommended Books

1. Data Communications and Networking, B. A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill, Inc., Fourth

Edition, 2007, USA.
2. Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, J. F., Kurose, K. W. Ross, Pearson
Education, Inc., Sixth Edition, USA.
3. Official Cert Guide CCNA 200-301 , vol. 1, W. Odom, Cisco Press, First Edition, 2019,
USA.
4. CCNA Routing and Switching, T. Lammle, John Wily & Sons, Second Edition, 2016,
USA.
5. TCP/IP Protocol Suite, B. A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill, Inc., Fourth Edition, 2009, USA.
6. Data and Computer Communication, W. Stallings, Pearson Education, Inc., Tenth
Education, 2013, USA.