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Chapter 1

Uploaded by

Ameer Idzwan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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Analytical Chemistry

Chapter 1 - Introduction
Introduction
• Analytical chemistry is not a separate branch of chemistry, but the
application of chemical knowledge.
• Practice in analytical chemistry – improving established methods,
extending existing methods and developing new methods in chemistry.
• Chemical analysis – method of analyzing desirable chemical substances
in reagents and samples.
• Chemical analyte – reagents/samples which being analyzed.
• Chemical analyzer – device/instrument used in analysis.
• Chemical analyst – person who analyzes and identifies desirable
substances in samples; either quality or quantity or both.

• EXAMPLE: analytical chemistry works to improve the method to


analyze Ni2+ in ores by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS).
Analytical Perspective

1. Identify and define the problem


2. Design the experimental procedure
3. Conduct an experiment and gather data
4. Analyze the experimental data
5. Propose a solution to the problem
Basic Tools

• Learn about the specifics of analytical chemistry


• How do we treat experimental data?
• How do we ensure that our results are accurate?
• How do we obtain a representative result?
• How do we conclude the overall analysis?
Numbers and Units
Numbers used in analytical chemistry:
• Units of measure
• Significant figures
Measurable units used in analytical chemistry:
• Mass (of solute)
• Volume (of solvent)
• Concentration (of solution)
Numbers and Units
Units for Expressing Concentration
Concentration is a general measurement unit
starting the amount of solute present in a known
amount of solution/solvent

Concentration = amount of solute


amount of solution

= amount of solute
amount of solvent
Numbers and Units
• Molarity, M – the concentration of a particular chemical species in solution

• Formality, F – a substance’s total concentration in solution without regard


to its specific chemical form

Potash alumina : K Al(SO4)2 .12H20

K(39.098), Al(26.982), S(32.066), O(15.999), H(1.008)


K Al(SO4)2 .12H20 = 39.098+26.982+{32.066+4*15.9990}*2
+ 12(1.008*2+15.999)= 474
Numbers and Units
Other Concentration Units
• Normality, N – the amount of one chemical species reacting
stoichiometrically with another chemical species

EW = FW / n , n = number of equivalents,
Equivalent weight
(EW)
Formula weight (FW)
Numbers and Units
Other Concentration Units
• Molality – used in thermodynamic calculation where a temperature
independent unit of concentration is needed

• Weight, volume and weight to volume ratios - %w/w, %v/v and %w/v
express concentration as units of solute per 100 units of sample

• Parts per million, billion and trillion are the minute/small concentration
units which also use the compatible metric units as follows:

parts per million, ppm = mg/liter = g/mL


parts per billion, ppb = g/liter = ng/mL
parts per trillion, ppt = ng/liter = pg/mL
Numbers and Units
Other Concentration Units
Name Units Symbol
Molarity Moles solute/liters solution M
Formality No.FWs solute/liters solution F
Normality No.EWs solute/liters solution N
Molality Moles solute/kg solvent m
Weight % g solute/100g solution %w/w
Volume % mL solute/100mL solution %v/v
w/v % g solute/100 mL solution %w/v
ppm g solute/106 solution ppm
ppb g solute/109 g solution ppb
ppt g solute/1012 g solution ppt
QUIZ A

How could you prepare a solution of 0.20 M with the volume of


500 ml using solid sodium hydroxide (NaOH) ?

Atomic weight H (1.008), Na (22.990), O (15.999)


QUIZ B

Calculate the equivalent weight (EW) and normality (N) for a


solution of 6.0 M phosphoric acid (H3PO4 ) given the following
reactions:

(a)H3PO4 (aq) + 3OH- (aq) ----- PO4 - (aq) + 3H2O (l)


(b)H3PO4 (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) ----- HPO4 2- (aq) + 2NH4 + (aq)
(c)H3PO4 (aq) + F - (aq) ----- H2PO4 - (aq) + HF (aq)

For phosphoric acid (H3PO4), the number of equivalents is the number of H+ ions
donated to the base.

EW=FW/n N=nxM

Atomic weight H (1.008), P (30.9738), O (15.999)


Preparing Solutions
• 2 types of preparing solutions – stock solution and multi-diluted
solutions

• STOCK SOLUTION– prepared by weighing out an appropriate


portion of a pure solid/solute or by measuring out an appropriate
volume of a pure liquid/solvent and diluting to a known volume.

• MULTI-DILUTED SOLUTIONS– prepared by dilution of


solvent (especially pure water), with following equation:
QUIZ C

A laboratory procedure calls for 250 ml of an


approximately 0.10 M solution of ammonia (NH3).
Calculate the volume required for this solution using a
stock solution of concentrated NH3 of 14.8 M.

Atomic weight H (1.008), N (14.007)


Buffer Solutions
• A buffer solution is a solution of:
1. A weak acid or a weak base and
2. The salt of the (conjugate) weak acid or
weak base
• Both must be present!
• A buffer solution has the ability to resist
changes in pH upon the addition of small
amounts of either acid or base.
Buffer Solutions
An equal molar mixture of acetic acid (CH3COOH) & sodium acetate
(CH3COONa). Weak acid? Salt (conjugate weak base)?
Add strong acid
H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq) CH3COOH (aq)
Add strong base
OH- (aq) + CH3COOH (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + H2O (l)
An equal molar mixture of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) &
ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). Weak base? Salt (conjugate weak acid)?
Add strong acid
H+ (aq) + NH4OH (aq) NH4+ (aq) + H2O (l)
Add strong base
OH- (aq) + NH4+ (aq) NH4OH (aq)
Buffer Solutions
Adding hydrochloric acid (HCl) in acetate buffer solution and HCl in water.
Buffer Solutions
Which of the following are buffer systems?
(a) Potassium fluoride KF/ Hydrogen fluoride HF,
(b) Potassium bromide KBr/ Hydrogen bromide HBr,
(c) Sodium carbonate Na2CO3/ Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3
(a) HF is a weak acid and F- is its conjugate base
buffer solution
(b) HBr is a strong acid
not a buffer solution
(c) CO32- is a weak base and HCO3- is it conjugate acid
buffer solution
Practice problems
1. Calculate the pH of a buffer that is 0.020 M in NH 3 and 0.030 M in NH4Cl. What is the pH
after adding 1.00 mL of 0.10 M NaOH to 0.10 L of this buffer? (Given acid dissociation
constant for NH4+ is 5.70 x 10-10)
2. A concentrated solution of aqueous ammonia is 28.0 % w/w NH 3 and has a density of
0.899 g/mL. What is the molar concentration of NH 3 in this solution?
3. A solution contains 15 g of CaCl2, in a total volume of 190 mL. Express the concentration
of this solution in terms of
a) g/liter b) g/mL c) % w/w d) % w/v
e) M f) m g) N h) F
4. Calculate the pH, pOH, and number of H+ and OH- ions per liter in each of the following
solutions:
a) 0.01 M HCl b)10-4 M HNO3 c) 0.0025 M H2SO4
d) 3.7 x 10-3 M KOH e) 5 x 10-8 M HCl f) 7.4 x 102 M H3PO4
g) 1 M HCl h) 10 M HNO3 i) 2.25 M Al(OH)3
j) 0.8 M Ca(OH)2
ANSWER A

How could you prepare a solution of 0.20 M with the volume of 500 ml
using solid sodium hydroxide (NaOH) ?

0.20 mol / Liter x 39.997 g / mol x 0.50 Litre = 3.9997 = 4.0 gram

Atomic weight 1H ( 1 x 1.008),


1Na (1 x 22.990),
1O (1 x 15.999)
Total: 39.997
ANSWER B
For phosphoric acid (H3PO4), the number of equivalents is the number
of H+ ions donated to the base.

Calculate the equivalent weight (EW) and normality (N).

(a)EW=FW/n = 97.994/3 =32.665, N = n x M = 3 x 6.0 = 18N

(b)EW=FW/n = 97.994/2 =48.997, N = n x M = 2 x 6.0 = 12N

(c)EW=FW/n = 97.994/1 =97.994, N = n x M = 1 x 6.0 = 6N

Atomic weight H (1.008), P (30.9738), O (15.999)


H3P1O4 = 3(1.008) + 1(30.9738) +4(15.999) = 3.024 +30.9738+63.996
= 97.9938
ANSWER C

A laboratory procedure calls for 250 ml of an


approximately 0.10 M solution of ammonia (NH3).
Calculate the volume required for this solution using a
stock solution of concentrated NH3 of 14.8 M.
C1 x V 1 = C 2 x V 2

14.8 M x V1 = 0.10 M x 250 ml


V1 = (0.10 M x 250 ml) / 14.8 M
V1 = 1.689 ml

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