2024-

2025

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 KEY
CONCEPTS
• Parts of a cell

 Basic structure of a cell

 Cell organelles

• Differences between plant

and animal cells

• Examples of plant and

animal cells

• Importance of cell division

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 Basic structure of a cell

ell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.

All living organisms are made up of cells. All cells

differ in shape and size, but the basic structure
of all cells is the same. Any part of the plant
body(root, stem, leaves, flowers) and animal
body(skin, muscles, bones) is made up of cells.

All cells have a similar basic structure.

A cell is made up of these basic structures:

• Cell membrane or Plasma membrane

• Cytoplasm

• Nucleus

So, we can say that a cell is the structural unit of

life.
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 Cell-The functional unit of
life
Different cells perform different functions. Each
function carried out in the body in a living
organism is a result of its cellular activity. So, cell
is called the functional unit of life

For example, In plants,

In animals, • The leaf cells contain chlorophyll. These
• The muscle cell has the ability to contract and
cells manufacture food by the process
relax. This helps in the movement of parts of of photosynthesis.
the body. • The root cells absorb water and
• The nerve cells conduct messages from one
minerals from the soil. The water is
part of the body to another. This helps in needed for various activities.
coordination of all parts of the body.
• The cells of the glands secrete enzymes. These
enzymes help in the different chemical
reactions in the body.
• The skin cells protect our body from harmful
radiations of Sun. They also help in
temperature regulation.

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 Structure of a
cell
A typical cell has three main
parts.

• Cell membrane or Plasma

membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
All these three components are
present in animal as well as plant
cells.
A typical cell is surrounded by a very thin
membrane termed as the cell membrane
or plasma membrane.

The plasma membrane surrounds a dense jelly-

like semi-solid substance known as the cytoplasm
and a spherical dense structure known as the
nucleus.

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Cell membrane or Plasma membrane:

Structure: Each cell is covered by

a thin membrane called the cell
membrane or the plasma
membrane.
• It is a thin, delicate and flexible
• It is living
• It is made up of fats and
proteins
• It contains pores
Function:
• It protects the cell
• Keeps the contents of the cell contained within the
cell.
• It gives an outer boundary to the cell
• It maintains the shape of the cell
• The pores of the plasma membrane allow the entry and
exit of only selected substances. They prevent the
movement of other substances. Thus the plasma
membrane is called the selectively permeable
membrane.
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 • Cell wall
The cell wall is the outermost hard and rigid protective wall
that is found around the cell membrane which is present
only in plant cells.
Structure:
• It is thick and rigid
• It is non-living
• It is made of cellulose(a complex carbohydrate)
• It is absent in animal cells

Functions:

The cell wall gives definite shape and rigidity to the plant cell.

• Cell wall provides strength and support to the plant

and helps the plant to stand upright.

• Cell wall does not allow harmful substances and

microorganisms to enter the cell.
Cell wall protects the plants from mechanical injury.
• However, cell wall is freely permeable i.e. it allows the movement of all substances across it.
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• Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is a thick, jelly-like
colourless fluid found within the cell
membrane.
It occupies the space between the
plasma membrane and the nucleus. All
cell organelles are present in the
cytoplasm. It is the living substance of
The cytoplasm has many small
a cell.
structures dispersed through it. These
structures are called cell organelles.
These organelles have special roles
that help the cell to function properly.

Function

Cytoplasm serves as a protective barrier

for the internal organelles.

Most of the important activities in a cell occur in the cytoplasm. It is the

place where all major life functions such as respiration and other
metabolic activities take place.
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• Nucleus It is the most important part of a
living cell
Structure-The nucleus is small and
spherical.
It is usually located at the centre of
The main four parts of the
the cell.
nucleus are
The nucleus is enveloped by a double membrane called (1) nuclear envelope or
nuclear membrane.
• The nuclear membrane holds the content of the nucleus.
• This nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
• This nuclear membrane also helps to maintain the shape of the nucleus.
• The nuclear membrane has tiny pores called nuclear pores that allow
substances to enter and leave the nucleus i.e. it allows the movement of
selected materials between the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm.
The nuclear membrane surrounds a jelly-like fluid called (2)
nucleoplasm. This nucleoplasm contains thread-like
chromosomes, made of DNA, which contain all the
information that the cell needs.
The nucleoplasm also contains a small spherical dense
body called the (3) nucleolus. It is responsible for the
synthesis of ribosomes.
(4) Chromatin: It is a network of thread-like structures. These are
made up of DNA. During cell division, the chromatin material
condenses and forms thick, ribbon-like structures called
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chromosomes.Each organism has a specific number of
Functions of nucleus:
• Nucleus controls all the activities
performed by the cell.
• Nucleus contains chromosomes which possess genes
and is responsible for passing hereditary characters
from parents to their offspring.
Ex. If a person has brown eyes, his son/daughter may also
have brown eyes.
However , different combinations of genes from parents
result in different characteristics.

Nucleus plays an important role in cell division.

Nucleus is called the control centre of the cell as
it is responsible for cell metabolism and
reproduction.
Q. What will happen when there is no nucleus in the
cell?
DNA is the molecule that carries genetic information for
the development and functioning of an organism-2
strands wind around each other to resemble a twisted
ladder. 10
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  Cell organelles
Cell organelles are tiny structures in the
cytoplasm. They are the ‘organs of the
cell.’ . These organelles have special
roles that help the cell to function
properly.
Some of them are as follows.

• Endoplasmic reticulum

• Ribosomes

• Mitochondria
• Golgi apparatus(bodies)

Lysosomes (found only in animal cells)

Centrosomes (found only in animal cells)

• Vacuoles

Plastids (found only in plant cells)

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Endoplasmic reticulum: These transports substances
within the cell. Some of the endoplasmic reticulum
have ribosomes attached to it and these ribosomes Ribosomes: These produce
help in protein synthesis. proteins.

Mitochondria: Provides energy to the cell Golgi bodies: These help in the formation of
from food and is called the powerhouse of hormones and packaging of enzymes and hormones.
the cell. This is the site for respiration in a Golgi bodies sort substances and send them out of
cell. the cell.
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Plastids
Plastids are double membrane – bound organelles which are found only inside
the plants.
On the basis of the colour of pigments, plastids are of three types – chloroplasts, chromoplasts and
leucoplasts. Leucoplasts- These are colourless
Chloroplasts- Chloroplasts are
green plastids due to the plastids. They are generally found in
presence of pigment chlorophyll seeds. They store food in the form of
in them. Chlorophyll traps solar starch(in potato) proteins and fats.
energy and help in
photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts are called the
“Kitchen of the cells”.

Chromoplasts- These are

coloured plastids. They
contain yellow and red
pigments. They impart
colour to flowers and fruits.
This helps in attracting
insects for pollination.
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Lysosomes: These digest worn-out cell organelles Centrosomes: These are found in pairs near the
and are called the suicidal bags of the cell. They nucleus and are involved in cell division.
throw out harmful and unwanted waste that
enters the cell.

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Vacuole
s
These are membrane –bound sacs found in the
cytoplasm.
They contain cell sap.
Cell sap consists of water, sugar and enzymes.

In plant cells, there is usually

only one vacuole which is large
and centrally located. It is used
to store water and other
substances. It occupies most of
the space in the cell.

In animal cells, vacuoles are

very small. They are either
absent or very few in number.
Each cell may have many
vacuoles. They are usually used
to secrete substances.
Functions:
• It helps a plant cell to maintain its
shape.
• It stores food and water in the cell. 15
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Differences between plant and animal cells
Plant cell Animal cell
• Plant cells are usually larger in size than animal • Animal cells are usually smaller in size than
cells. plant cells.

• Cell wall is present • Cell wall is absent. They have only a cell
membrane

• One large vacuole is present • Vacuole is absent. In case present, they are very
small

• Plastids are present • Plastids are absent

• Lysosomes are absent • Lysosomes are present

• Centrosome is absent • Centrosome is present

• The cytoplasm of plant cells is less and thin in • The cytoplasm in animal cells is dense and
consistency granular in consistency

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• Cell Division

New cells arise from pre-existing

cells. A parent cell divides and
forms two or more daughter cells.
This process is called cell
division. The daughter cells grow,
divide again and form new cells.

Importance of cell division – Why

new cells need to be reproduced?

New cells are needed for the

growth, repair and replacement of
cells and reproduction. A young
one grows into an adult through
the process of cell division. So, cell
division is necessary for the
existence of all living organisms.

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 ASSIGNMENT
Answer the following:
1. Define cell.
1. What are the three basic components of a cell?
2. What is protoplasm?
3. Cell membrane is also called as___________
4. Write the functions of: a. Endoplasmic reticulum b. Mitochondria c. Golgi bodies d. Ribosomes e.
lysosomes
f. centrosomes g. vacuoles h. Cell membrane i. Cell wall j. Cytoplasm k. Nucleus
7. Describe the different types of plastids and their functions.
8. Explain the structure of nucleus with a neat labelled diagram.
9. Write the differences between plant and animal cells.
10. How do plants prepare food?
11. Why is cell division important?
12. What are cell organelles?
13. Why is plasma membrane said to be selectively permeable?
14. Name the parts that are common to plant cells and animal cells.
15. What is a chromosome?
16. Give to examples of cells found in plants and animals.
17. Which organelle contains chlorophyll?

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18. Which cell has a large central vacuole?
(a)Root hair cell b. Cell wall c. Plastid d. Cytoplasm
19. Chromosomes are found in the ______
20. ________ are filled with water and dissolved substances.
21. The cell wall in plant cell is made of ______
22. Leucoplasts are a type of ________
23. Some plants have leaves that are red, orange, purple or so on. Which organelle is present
in large numbers in these leaves?
24. Which is the structural, biological and functional unit of life?
25. Which organelle is known as the suicide bag of the cell? Why?
26. Which organelle is known as the power house of the cell? Why?
27. Why is nucleus called the control centre of the cell?
28. Name the liquid found in the vacuole.

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II Given below is the structure of a nucleus. Study the diagram and label the parts. State the
function of parts a, b, c, d and e. Draw a neat labelled diagram in your note book.

a
b

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III. What kind of cell is given below? Identify and label the parts of the cell. Draw a neat labelled
diagram in your note book.

H
I

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IV. What kind of cell is given below? Identify and label the parts of the cell. Draw a neat labelled
diagram in your note book.

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THANK
YOU

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