P, T, Z given

2500m Atmosphere (2500m height) with air temperature

increasing downward with a constant lapse rate of
0.004F/m

4000m Atmosphere (4000m height) with air temperature

increasing downward with a lapse rate of 0.005F/m

Water Column with 5000m height and density=1029 kg/m3

4500m

3m*5m
Window
Submarine
 Chapter # 3

Kinematics of Fluid Flow

 Table 3.1 Classification of Types of Flow
• One-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional flow
• Real fluid flow or ideal fluid flow (viscid or inviscid flow)
• Incompressible fluid flow or compressible fluid flow
• Steady or unsteady flow
• Pressure flow or gravity flow
• Spatially constant or spatially variable flow
• Laminar or turbulent flow
• Established or unestablished flow
• Uniform or varied flow
• Subcritical or supercritical flow
• Rotational or irrotational flow
• Converging flow or diverging flow
• Isothermal flow, adiabatic flow or isentropic flow
External Atmospheric
Pressure Pressure

Atmospheric
Pressure
 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flow

• One-Dimensional Flow Typical

particles
path
 Real fluid flow or ideal fluid flow
(viscid or inviscid flow)
Real fluid: Viscosity is not zero
Ideal fluid: Viscosity is zero
Incompressible fluid flow or compressible fluid flow

• Incompressible fluid flow

Density remains constant e.g. liquid flow
• Compressible fluid flow
Density varies e.g. gas flow
 Steady or unsteady flow

• Steady flow
At a point
Q≠0
But
• Unsteady flow
At a point
Q≠0
also
 Pressure flow or gravity flow

• Pressure or pipe flow

Flow may occur from higher to lower point and
vice versa
• Gravity or open channel flow
Flow only occurs from higher to lower point
Spatially constant or spatially variable flow

• Spatially constant flow

if fluid density and local average velocity are
identical at all points in a flow field

10lps 10lps
 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
•Laminar flow
 all the particles proceed along smooth parallel paths and all
particles on any path will follow it without deviation.
 Hence all particles have a velocity only in the direction of flow.

Typical
particles
path

a, b, c, d, e a, b, c, d, e
•Turbulent Flow
 the particles move in an irregular manner through the flow
field.
 Each particle has superimposed on its mean velocity
fluctuating velocity components both transverse to and in
the direction of the net flow
a, b, c, d, e e, d, c, a, b

Particle
paths
• Inflow Outflow
• Critical Velocity
– It is the velocity below which the flow remains
streamline flow is know as critical velocity, and if
the velocity is more than this velocity then flow
will become turbulent
• Deeper water flow silently, and shallow water
flow fast
 Established and Unestablished Flow
• Unestablished flow
The length upto which velocity profile (advance front) changes
• Established flow
that region when viscosity has played its full role and velocity
profile does not change
 Uniform or varied flow
• Uniform flow
If flow section (shape and area) remains constant
in a flow field, called uniform flow. If flow section
remains uniform, velocity will also remain
uniform.

Note: In a given situation these different types

of flow may occur in combination
3.3 Path lines, Streamlines, and Streak lines

• Path line: path followed by a single particle

• Stream line: mean path followed by a number
of particles
• Streak line: if the flow is laminar and a dye is
injected through the flow, it will form a
continuous ribbon, called a streak line or
filament line
 3.4 Flow rate and mean velocity
• The quantity of fluid flowing per unit time across
any section is called the flow rate. It can be
expressed in various forms:
• Volume flow rate – Discharge, Q : Volume of fluid/time, m3/s, used
for liquids
• Mass flow rate, M: mass of fluid/time, kg/s, used for gases
• Weight flow rate, G: weight of fluid/time, kN/s, used for gases
• Q= AV or V = Q/A
• G = AV= Q or V = G/A
• M = ρAV= ρQ or V = M/ρA
 Example 3.1
• An empty bucket weighs 2.0 kg. After 7
seconds of collecting water the bucket
weighs 8.0 kg, then:

• kg/s
Example 3.2
• If we know the mass flow is 1.7 kg/s,
how long will it take to fill a container
with 8 kg of fluid?

•
Subcritical ,Critical and Super Critical flows
 Subcritical ,Critical and Super Critical flows

Froude Number=F=
𝑉
𝐹=
√ 𝑔𝑦
Example 3.3

• If the density of the fluid in the above

example is 850 kg/m3 what is the
volume per unit time (the
discharge)?
•
• = 1.008
Example 3.4

• If the cross-section area, A, is 1.2 x

10-3 m2 and the discharge, Q is 24 l/s,
what is the mean velocity, of the
fluid?
• m/s
 3.5 Equation of Continuity
• Consider a stream tube (a bundle of
streamlines), as shown below:
• Control volume:
fixed volume between
fixed sections of the
stream tube
 3.5 Equation of Continuity (continued)
• Density ( ) =mass(M)/volume(v)=m/v
• M= *v
• Q=Volume(v)/time(t)=v/t
• So v=Q*t and Q=Area(A)*Velocity(V)
• Hence v=A*V*t so we can write mass M= *A*V*t and mass inflow =

Also

Equating the above two

• 3.8
General equation of continuity
• For steady flow, = 0 and
• =M 3.9a
• =G 3.9b
• For incompressible fluid, = = 0
• A1 V 1 = A 2 V 2 = Q 3.10
• For unsteady flow in canal
• Q1- Q2 = dS/dt 3.11
Example 3.5
 If the area in Figure 3.12 A1 = 3  10-
3
m2 and A2 = 10  10-3 m2 and the
upstream mean velocity, V1 = 2.1
m/s, what is the downstream mean

• Q= =
velocity?

•
= 0.63 m/s
 Example 3.6
 For a junction (Figure 3.13), if pipe 1 diameter = 50 mm, mean
velocity 2 m/s, pipe 2 diameter 40 mm takes 30% of total discharge
and pipe 3 diameter 60 mm. What are the values of discharge and
mean velocity in each pipe?
Given: D1 = 50 mm = 0.050 m or A1 = 0.001962 m2
D2 = 40 mm = 0.040 m or A2= 0.001256 m2
D3 = 60 mm = 0.060 m or A3= 0.002826 m2
V1 = 2 m/s
Q2 = 0.3Q1
Required: Q1, Q2, Q3, V2, V3 = ?
Solution:
Q1 = A1V1 = 0.001962 x 2 = 0.00392 m 3/s
Q2 = 0.3Q1 = 0.3 x 0.00392 = 0.001178 m 3/s
Q 1= Q 2 + Q 3
0.00392 = 0.001178 + Q 3
Q3 = 0.00275 m3/s
V2 = Q2/A2 = 0.001178/0.001256 = 0.936 m/s
V3 = Q3/A3 = 0.00275/0.002826 = 0.972 m/s
 3.7 The Flow Net
This is a network of
• streamlines and
• lines (equipotential lines)
normal to them
so spaced that the distances
between both sets of lines
are inversely proportional to
the local velocities.
 Flow net Theory
1. Streamlines Y and Equip. lines  are
.
2. Streamlines Y are parallel to no flow
boundaries.
3. Grids are curvilinear squares, where
diagonals cross at right angles.
4. Each stream tube carries the same
flow.

32
33
34
 Importance of Permeability

• Estimating the quantity of underground seepage

• Solving problems involving pumping seepage water from

construction excavation

35
 3.8 Use and Limitations of Flow Net
• Use of flow Net
A practical application of the flow net may be seen in the flow around a body,
as shown, which may represent, for example, the upstream portion of a
bridge pier at a distance below the surface where surface wave action is not a
factor
 3.8 Use and Limitations of Flow Net
• Limitations of Flow Net
1-It is for ideal fluid not for real fluid, however the viscosity effects are limited to boundary layers only
outside of which the real fluid behaves very much like the ideal fluid.
2-The effects of the boundary friction is minimized when the streamlines are converging, but in a
diverging flow there is a tendency for the streamlines not to follow the boundaries if the rate of
divergence is too great.
3.9 Frame of Reference In Flow Problems
• In flow problems we are really concerned only with the
relative velocity between the fluid and the body. It makes no
difference whether the body is at rest and the fluid flows past
it or whether the fluid is at rest and the body moves through
the fluid
Observer

Observer

Boat moving Boat stationary

Flow pattern moves along Fluid moving past boat pattern
channel with boat stationary relative to boat
 changes with time  does not change with time
 UNSTEADY  STEADY
 Assignment 4

• Book-1: 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.9, 3.10