BIO101: General

Biology I
2units
 Course Lecturers
1. Dr. A. M. Rufai Coordinator- 08035441702
2. Prof. M.A. Adeleke- 07038257702
3. Prof. S.B. Akinde- 08033798688
4. Dr. M.A. Jimoh- 08034311843
5. Dr. K.A. Fasasi- 08032585328
6. Dr. G.O. Okunlola- 08033870696
7. Dr. A. A. Wahab- 08034588086

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 Course synopsis
S/N Names of Lecturers Topics WEEKS

1 Dr. M. A. Adeleke Characteristics and classification of living things, Basic cell types, Prokaryotic and 1&2
Eukaryotic cells, Cell structure and organization, Functions of cellular organelles

2 Dr. S. B. Akinde General characteristics of microorganisms, structure, ecology and reproduction, 3&4
Distribution of microorganisms in nature

3 Dr. K.A. Fasasi Nutrient and Enzymes, Endocrine system 5&6

4 Dr. M.A Jimoh Reproduction, Homeostasis 7&8

5 Dr. A. M. Rufai. Digestion and Excretion 9 & 10

6 Dr. G.O. Okunlola Respiration, Growth and Development 11 & 12

7 Dr. A.A. Wahab Mitosis, Meiosis and Heredity 13 & 14

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 Course policy
• CAT – 30% (Manual)
• Exam – 70% (CBT based)
• Total – 100%
Qualification for the exam – 75%
Attendance

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Digestion
 Course Lecturer
Dr. RUFAI Akinlabi Mohammed
Department of Zoology
Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences
Osun State University
Phone: 08035441702

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 Contents
• Meaning of digestion
• Digestive system
• Components of Digestive systems
• Functions of digestive system
• Roles of the components of digestive in
digestion
• Fat Digestion
• Carbohydrate Digestion
• Protein Digestion
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 Digestion
• Digestion is the process of mechanically and
enzymatically breaking down large food
molecules into smaller molecules or substances
that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
The food we eat contains three macronutrients that
require digestion before they can be absorbed:
• fats
• carbohydrates, and
• proteins.
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 Phases of Digestion
- Mechanical (physical)
• Chew
• Tear
• Grind
• Mash
• Mix
–Chemical
• Enzymatic reactions to improve digestion of
– Carbohydrates to Glucose
– Proteins to Amino acids
– Lipids to Glycerol or fatty acids.
 Digestive System
• The digestive system is a long, twisting tube
that starts at the mouth and goes through the
oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine and ends at the anus.

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 The components of the digestive system:

• Salivary glands.
• Pharynx.
• Esophagus.
• Stomach.
• Small Intestine.
• Large Intestine.
• Rectum.
• Accessory digestive organs: liver, gallbladder,
pancreas.
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 Digestive System Organization
• Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract
– A long Tube with different components

– Components
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large Intestine
• Rectum

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 Functions of Digestive system
1. Ingestion (the process of taking in food, drink, or
another substance into the body by swallowing)
2. Movement
3. Digestion
4. Absorption
5. Egestion (The process of removal of undigested
food material from the alimentary canal)
 Functions of the components of digestive
system: Mouth
• Teeth mechanically • Epiglottis is a flap-like
break down food into structure at the back of
small pieces. Tongue the throat that closes
mixes food with saliva over the trachea
(contains amylase, preventing food from
which helps break down entering it. It is located
starch). in the Pharynx.
 Esophagus
• Approximately 20 cm long.
• Functions include:
1. Secrete mucus
2. Connect pharynx to the stomach
3. Moves food from the throat to
the stomach using muscle
movement called peristalsis
4. Contain Lower esophageal
sphincter.
Mouth, Pharynx and Esophagus Video
 Stomach
• J-shaped muscular bag that stores the food you
eat, breaks it down into tiny pieces.
• Mixes food with Digestive Juices that contain
enzymes to break down Proteins and Lipids.
Lipids
• Acid (HCl) in the stomach Kills Bacteria.
• Formation of Chyme.
• Secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl), enzymes,
including protease, gastric lipase, mucus,
hormone gastrin and intrinsic factor for
absorbtion of vit B12
• Protein digestion begins in the stomach with
pepsinogen converted to active pepsin in acidic
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stomach environment.
 Functions of Stomach acid
• Activates digestive enzymes
• Partially digests dietry protein
• Assist in calcium absorbtion
• Makes dietry mineral soluble for absorbtion
• Help to kill bacteria in the stomach

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 Small Intestine
• Small intestines are roughly 7 meters long
• Lining of intestine walls has finger-like
projections called villi, to increase surface
area. Absorptive cells are located on the
villi
• The villi are covered in microvilli which
further increases surface area for
absorption.

Crash Course Review

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 Small Intestine
• Nutrients from the food pass into the
bloodstream through the small
intestine walls.

• Absorbs:
– 80% ingested water
– Vitamins
– Minerals
– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Lipids

• Secretes digestive enzymes

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 Large Intestine
• About 1.5 meters long
• Accepts what small intestines don’t
absorb
• Absorbtion of water, some minerals and
vitamins
• Bacteria breakdown fiber and produce
vit k.
• Formation of faeces for elimination
• Rectum (short term storage which holds
feces before it is expelled).
• Anal sphincter
• Anus opens for elimination
 Large Intestine
• Functions
– Bacterial digestion of fibre
To produce vit. K for bood
Clotting and bone building

– Absorbs more water

– Concentrate wastes
 Accessory Organs The Glands
• Not part of the path of
food, but play a critical
role in digestion.
• Include: salivary
gland, Liver, gall
bladder, and
pancreas
 Salivary gland
• secrete saliva
• Moisten of food
• Saliva contains salivary amylase which digest
starch
• Saliva contains salivary lipase which begins the
process of fat digestion in the mouth.
• Saliva contains lysosomes

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 Liver
• Directly affects digestion by producing
bile
– Bile helps digest fat
• filters out toxins and waste including
drugs and alcohol and poisons.

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 Gall Bladder
• Stores bile from the
liver, releases it into the
small intestine.
• Fatty diets can cause
gallstones
 Pancreas
• Produces digestive enzymes to
digest fats, carbohydrates and
proteins
• Secrete pancreatic juices
• Produces insulin and glucagon
that regulates blood sugar
• Produces Bicarbonate needed
to neutralize chyme when it
enters small intestine
Web Page Reinforcement Video
 lipolysis
• Digestion of fat occurs in the small intestine
• The process of breaking down fat is call
emusification of fat.
• Emulsification is a process that breaks down
large fat globules into smaller globules so that
the pancreatic enzymes can easily act on these
smaller fats.
• Fats are digested into fatty acids and glycerol by
an enzyme called Pancreatic lipase .
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• It involves the breaking of triglycerides
through hydrolysis into fatty acids and glycerol
• The end products of fat digestion are fatty
acids and glycerol

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 Process of Carbohydrate digestion
• Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth where
salivary amylase starts the breakdown.
• The majority of carbohydrate digestion occurs in the
small intestine. The main enzyme is pancreatic α-
amylase and α-glucosidase, which yields disaccharides
from starch by digesting the alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds.
• As carbohydrates are consumed, the blood sugar levels
increase, stimulating the pancreas to secrete insulin
and glucagon to maintaining Blood Glucose Levels

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 Process of Protein digestion
• Once a protein source reaches your stomach,
hydrochloric acid and enzymes called proteases
break it down into smaller chains of amino acids
• Chemical digestion of protein begins in the
stomach and ends in the small intestine.
• Pepsin digest proteins in the stomach
• The two major pancreatic enzymes that digest
proteins in the small intestine are chymotrypsin,
trypsin.
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• Trypsin activates other protein-digesting
enzymes called proteases
• Proteases break proteins down to tripeptides,
dipeptides, and individual amino acids.

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On a sheet of paper, write the name of
each colored organ:
• Green:
• Red:
• Pink:
• Brown:
• Purple:
• Dark Green:
• Yellow:
 How’d you do?
• Green: Esophagus
• Red: Stomach
• Pink: Small Intestine
• Brown: Large Intestine
• Purple: Liver
• Dark Green: Gall Bladder
• Yellow: Pancreas

Great Job!
 References and Links
• Your Digestive System and How It Works
– Digestive system diagram comes from this site
• The Real Deal on the Digestive System
• Pancreas: Introduction and Index