LESSON 6:

ISLAM
​
ISLAM
Established around seventh century
C.E., Islam is the youngest among
the world's major religions. With
more than 1.5 billion adherents
comprising almost one-fourth of the
entire world population, Islam is the
second largest group and one of the
fasting growing religions in the
world. Majority of Muslims, the
followers of Islam, live in Asia and
Africa. More than 60% of the world's
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Muslims can be found in Asia,
 SYMBOL
The star and crescent has become
the acknowledged representation of
the Islamic faith. The symbol can be
seen in the national flags of states
that came about following the
collapse of the Ottoman Empire in
the 20th century. Around the 1970s,
it was adopted by movements that
advocated Arab nation- alism.
Traditionally, the crescent moon or
the hilal has early connections with
royalty. It is also closely linked to the
lunar calendar that orders the
religious life of the Muslims (Bowker
1997).
 HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
• Islam began with the Arabian desert people around early
seventh century C.E. These people had developed their
own set of beliefs prior to the formal establishment of
Islam and had been influenced by other religions for a
long period of time, including Byzantine Christianity,
Judaism, and Zoroastri- anism.

• Judea, the home of Christianity, was not too far away from
Arabia, and the great cities of Damascus, Antioch, and
Alexandria were neighbors to Mecca and Medina (Hopfe
1983). Byzantine rulers, however, antagonized Arab
Christians that provided an impetus for their acceptance
of a new Arab religion that started with the establishment
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 HISTORICAL
PRE – SLAMIC ARABIA BACKGROUN
• Perhaps the single most important factor that of a new
religion in the Arabian interior was the native religion
practiced by the Arabs. Pre-Islamic people worshipped a
variety of gods. While they recognize the existence of one
supreme god, local and tribal gods were mostly
venerated by the people. Carved images were done to
represent these gods that were often revered and given
blood sacrifices (Hopfe 1983). There were also angels,
fairies, demonic creatures, and evil spirits in pre-Islam
religion. Apart from worshipping a pantheon of gods, pre-
Islamic religion was also animistic in character. Spirits
found in rocks, trees, and wells had to be revered at their
sanctuaries and placated for assistance.
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 HISTORICAL
PRE – SLAMIC ARABIA BACKGROUND
• In time, the city of Mecca became a sacred shrine because
of these animistic associations (Hopfe 1983). A meteoric
stone that had fallen in Mecca centuries before became an
object of veneration to the animistic people. Pilgrims then
built an enclosure around the stone and called it Kanba.
Various images and relics gradually filled the Kaaba,
including a painting of Jesus and Mary. Pilgrims travelled to
Mecca to worship at the shrine. The 'Black Stone,' which
according to Muslim tradition dates back to the time of
Adam and Eve, eventually became a very important object
for the Meccans at the time when various clans struggled
to control the Kaaba.
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 THE LIFE OF
Around the
MUHAMMAD
year 570 C.E.,
Muhammad ibn Abdullah was born in With no formal schooling, Muhammad
worked as a caravan worker travelling
the oasis town of Mecca just off the across the Arabian Peninsula as a camel
western coast of the Arabian driver. From his travels in the Arabian
Peninsula. Muhammad's father died Peninsula to the different Byzantine cities,
before he was born while his mother he may have met and conversed with
Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians alike.
died before he was six years old. He Muhammad soon learned the various ways
belonged to the clan of Hashim of and means of their belief system that may
the Quraysh tribe that controlled the have led him to question the faith of his
own people, especially with regard their
Kaaba and the camel trade that
animistic practices and reverence given to
passed through Mecca. numerous gods and idols. He used to
retreat to Mount Hira near Mecca in search
of truth about God

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 Muhammad later married an older wealthy widow named Khadija, fifteen
years his senior. He was married only to Khadija as long as she lived even
though it was acceptable for men to have multiple wives then.

Around the year 610 C.E., Muhammad began hearing the voice of God in a
cave on the summit of Mount Hira, just outside Mecca in the Arabian Hijaz.
Muhammad first disclosed these revelations only to his wife since revealing
these messages to his tribe could disturb the social order that was primarily
anchored on clan and kinship. He was preaching a new order built upon
God's will and human submission to this belief. The term 'Islam' originated
from an Arabic word meaning “Submit”. In other words, Islam means to
'surrender or submit oneself for obedience to God' or to 'enter into a
condition of peace and security with God through allegiance and surrender
to him. On the other hand, the word 'Muslim' is the Arabic word for a
person who submits. A Muslim, therefore, is a 'person who surrenders or
submits himself to obey, and ilah (god or deity) Joined together, the words
signify Allah or (God). Muhammad was preaching that there can only be
one God.

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 THE SPREAD OF ISLAM
• The radical teachings of Muhammad angered local tribes so they
began persecuting him and his loyal followers.
In 622 C.E., Muhammad and his group moved to Medina (then known
as Yathrib, 200 miles north of Mecca) to escape persecution from the
Meccans. ThQurayshms who follow Muhammad in his journey are
known as Muhajirun ('those who made the hijra') while those who
supported him in Medina are known as Ansar ('the helpers’). With
local tribes involved in frequent internal strife, Muhammad restored
peace and order in Medina. Finally, after almost eight years of
struggle, Muhammad and his troops of around ten thousand converts
marched to Mecca and took over the city almost unopposed. In 632
C.E., Muhammad died at the age of 62 but his newly founded
rMuhajirunad spread across the entire Arabian Peninsula and the
Muslims had been united as onAnsarigious community. In 632 C.E.,
Muhammad died at the age of 62 but his newly founded rMuhajirunad
spread
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across the entire Arabian Peninsula and the Muslims had been
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united as onAnsarigious community. He was a classic example of a
 SACRED SCRIPTURES
The Quran The HADITH

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The Quran
• The sacred writing of the Muslims is called Quran (or Koran in
English) that literally means 'recitation' or 'reading. The Quran is
the revelation froKaaba of his speech (kalam) and is the
foundation of the Islam religion. It is the supreme authority in all
matters of faith, theology, and law (Parrinder 1971).

In 610 C.E., when Muhammad received the first revelations, he

was commanded by angel Gabriel to 'iqra' or 'recite. All Muslims
believe that the Quran is a copy of the eternal scripture written in
heaven but made known to Muhammad chapter by chapter he
Quran is the word of God that is binding, continuous, and
supreme. Any translation of the Quran, either in English or in any
other language, is neither a Quran nor a version of the Quran;
rather, it is only a translation of the meaning of the Quran . Any
translation of the Quran, either in English or in any other
language, is neither a Quran nor a version of the Quran; rather, it
is only a translation of the meaning of the Quran.

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• Quran has almost the same length as the New Testament, the
Christian biblical canon (Parrinder 1971). The chapters that
compose the Quran are called surahs while the verses are called
ayahs which mean 'evidence' or 'sign. There are 114 chapters in
the Quran, 86 of which are classified as Meccan while 28 are
Medinian. Quran is divided into thirty almost equal parts (with each
part known as jun) so as to enable a reader to complete the
reading of the scripture in one month, Quran is arranged based on
the length of the surah in descending order. The longest surah has
about 286 ayahs, the Al-Baqarah ('The Heifer').The shortest surah
has only three ayahs, the Al-Kawthar ('Abundance’). The first of all
surah id called Fatifah, (“The Opening”).

A person who is able to memorize Quran is called hafiz

(“Guardian”). Female counterpart is hazifa

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The HADITH
The hadith is the collection of the deeds and sayings of
Muhammad and his followers ('traditional reports or sayings of
Judgement) the second source of shari'a law. Unlike the Q,uran.
Unlike the Quran that was officially compiled under the auspices
of a central authority (as initiated by the first caliph Abu Bakr),
the hadiths were collected generations after the death of
Muhammad. Around the ninth century C.E., Muslim scholars
undertook a number of great systematic collections of hadiths
that are known as Kutub al-Sittah or the Siz Sahih ("Authentic")
Books. Imam Bukhari authored the Sahih al-Bukhari while Imam
Muslim compiled the Sahih Muslim. From the six books, these
hadith records are the two most authentic.

The word sahih in these titles indicates that the authors of these
books sifted the authentic reports about Muhammad from other
unsubstantiated narratives (Aziz 1993). The various rituals and
obligations embedded in the so-called "Five Pillars of Islam" as
well as majority of criminal laws originate from the hadiths
(Horrie & Chippindale 2003).

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BELIEF/DOCTRINES
Islam began as a way of life (din) for its followers which God intended for his
creation from the very beginning. In time, God had to send several prophets,
including Musa (Moses) and 'Isa (Jesus), to summon people back to the din as a
result of human rebellion and transgression. Islamic beliefs are more dominantly
social in character.

Islamic religious laws cover the daily life of all Muslims from education, dress,
marriage, sexual relations, justice, punishments, economics, diet, and even rules of
hospitality. While Islam's approach to life and death, origins of the universe, and the
nature of mankind is simple, it is also rigid and uncompromising.

Around eight thousand years ago, God created the universe and may terminate it
when he wills it so. A "Day of Judgment" shall ensue wherein all humankind will be
resurrected and individually accounted for. Based on their own deeds and fully
aware of the effects of these deeds in this life, everyone will then be sent to either
paradise or hell for perpetuity. Islam advocates for the establishment of one single
community or ummah. During Muhammad's time, the ummah was a community
bigger than the tribe, demanding a loyalty which came before loyalty to kinsfolk.

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 FIVE PILLARS OF
The basic obligations of Muslims are called the Five Pillars of
Islam or arkanISLAM
al-din. While differences may occur in the
interpretation of Islamic law, all Muslims believe and accept
the entirety of these obligations that must be strictly observed
to avoid being sent to hell on the "Day of Judgment." The Five
Pillars give structure and unity to all believers of Islam.

Foremost among all Muslims obligations is the declaration of

their statement of belief called shahada ("witness") that is
recited during prayers and rituals. Apart from shahada, the
four other duties that must be performed by all Muslims are
collectively called as ibadah (suimpostors to the Ista ball
Muslimsciple the adherents and eliminate iubys fasting dur
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 FIVE PILLARS OF
ISLAM
The base creed of Islam that "there is no God but Allah; Muhammad
is the messenger of Allah" is known as shahada. In Arabic, the
shahada is recited as "La ilaha illa Allah; Muhammadon rasul Allah."
These are the very first words uttered into an infant's ear and
perhaps the last words given to a dying Muslim.

To be accepted into the Islam fold, one must recite the kalima or
phrase with two witnesses. The first half of the kalima is known as
tawheed ("the unity") which is the most important statement of
Muslim faith. The second half is called risallah ("acceptance of
prophethood") which implies acceptance of prophets as messengers
of god (Horrie & Chippindale 2003). For a Muslim to deny any part of
the shahada is tantamount to the crime of reversion to Islam that is
punishable under Quranic law.
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OBLIGATORY PRAYER
Facing in the direction of Mecca or qiblah Muslims must offer prayers or
salat five times each and every day before sunrise (as-subh), noon (az-
zuhr), mid-afternoon (al-asr), immediately after sunset (al-maghreb), and
before midnight (al-isha). In a mosque or masjid ("place of prostration")
where Muslims offer prayers in congregation, men and women pray
separately. A structure of masjid can range from a simple desert prayer
ground (musalla) or just any space whereby rules of ritual purity are
properly observed. Each prayer session begins when the strong-voiced
muezzin or caller recites the call to prayer (adhan) from the tallest point
of a mosque, often a minaret. A minaret is a tall structure or thin tower
that is used to call the people to prayer. The adhan, composed of rhythmic
Arabic phrases devised by Muhammad himself, is often recorded and
broadcast through speakers.

Before any prayer commences, an elaborate ritual washing (wudu) must

be performed to remove any impurities and unclean substances from the
body
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or clothes of the faithful. Most mosques are frequently equipped
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Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar wherein
Muslims are expected to observe sawm. Muslims may not eat,
drink, or have sex during daylight hours. The last 10 days of the
month may be spent by continuous prayers of the most devoted
Muslims. Finally, the sawm ends with Id al-Fitr or the Festival of
Breaking the Fast marked by popular rejoicing and festal prayer
(Jomier 1999). Dhu al-Hijja is the twelfth month of the Islamic
calendar wherein able bodied Muslims perform the hajj or
pilgrimage to Mecca. Upon entering the Grand Mosque, the hajji
performs the tawaf which involves circling the Kaaba seven
times in a counter-clockwise direction. Most pilgrims attempt to
touch or kiss the sacred Black Stone. However, the sheer
number of pilgrims inside the mosque prevents them from
touching the relic. They may instead raise their arm and point in
its direction. These rites are known as umrah. Once the tawaf is
completed, most pilgrims drink from the well of Zamzam that
was
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established by Hagar and Ishmael.
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Id al-Adha or the Feast of Sacrifice is the most important
festival in the Muslim calendar marking the end of the
pilgrimage season. On the tenth day of the hajj, Muslims
are required to slaughter a live animal (a sheep of goat) to
commemorate Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son
Ishmael and his obedience to God. In the process, a ram
was substituted in place of Ishmael, thus, allowing him
and his offspring to live, including his descendant
Muhammad (Horrie & Chippindale 2003). After their
arduous journey in Mecca, pilgrims may now visit other
holy cities, such as Medina or Jerusalem. Returning home,
the title hajj can now be affixed to their names to indicate
completion of this religious responsibility (Hopfe 1983).
Friday is the special day of worship for the Muslims as
commanded by Muhammad. In mosques, Muslims are
required to pray with his fellows and prayers are led by an
imam. An imam is a member of the community selected to
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lead the congregation due to the devoutness and
 Islamic Law

The concept of law and

justice in Islam, or the
shari'a ("the road to the
watering place"), is based
upon the Quranic verses as
Apart from the revealed by God to
Quran, the Muhammad. The universal
teachings of laws passed down by God
Muhammad or the govern both the affairs of
hadiths form the human and laws of nature
basis of Islamic (Horrie & Chippindale 2003).
legal system. The
shari'a is a path of
conduct that must
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be followed by all
Islamic Jurisprudence

Islamic jurisprudence or the science of

Islamic law is called figh. All aspects of
Muslim way of life and actions are
covered through figh. Human behavior
may be classified into five categories:
forbidden (harum), discouraged
(makruh), neutral (mubah),
recommended (mandub), and obligatory
(fard). Forbidden actions are both sinful
and criminal under pain of punishment.

Accordingly, it is forbidden for all

Muslims to eat animals that have died
from natural causes or those animals
that were not ritually slaughtered. Pork
is considered as the most unclean of all
meats and must not be eaten no matter
how the pig meat was produced. Other
haram behaviors include drinking
blood, eating dried blood, and taking
liquors.
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The Five Pillars is an example of an
obligatory category. These practices, such as
almsgiving, daily prayers, and ritual fasting,
are compulsory to all Muslims. Failure to
observe these obligations is sinful and
punishable as crime. The three other
categories (makruh, mandub, and mubah)
concern chiefly on things, such as etiquette,
donations, personal habits, and social life
(Horrie & Chippindale 2003), Reprehended
actions but not subject to
punishmentsbelong to makruh. Meritorious
or recommended deeds fall under mandub.
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 The Sunnis

IONS
SUBDIVIS Shia

Suffi

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 the original religion established by
Muhammad and guided by the first
Sunni Muslims (The Sunnis)
four righteous caliphs
1983). These Muslims follow the
(Hopfe

sunnah ("customary practice") of

Muhammad from which their name
originated. Sunnah pertains to the
orally transmitted record of
wisdom, conduct, and sayings
attributed to Muhammad and his
earliest companions as recorded in
hadith.

The Sunnis believe that any Muslim

can be a ruler and he does not need
to prove his lineage to Muhammad
as long as he gets the approval and
confidence of the ummah or
community. He can be an elected
ruler or a hereditary monarch that
should enjoy the support of the
ummah.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

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 Shi'a (The Shi'ites)

The Shi'ite Muslims are the largest faction

within the Islam religion that separated
from the rest of the community (Brown
1975). Historically speaking, three close
associates of Muhammad became
successive leaders or caliphs of Islam with
the death of the founder in 632 C.E. The
caliphate acted as a central unifying agency
in Islamic history. Initially, caliphs were
friends of Muhammad that acted as virtuous
leaders of the believers. They may be
chosen by election or general consent.
Later on, the position became heredi- tary
resembling that of a king (Hopfe 1983).

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

Known as rashiduns ("rightly-guided caliphs"), the
Sunnis accepted the legitimacy of the first four
successors of Muhammad: Abu Bakr (632-634 C.E.),
Umar ibn al-Khattab (634-644 C.E.), Uthman ibn Affan
(644-656 C.E.), and Ali ibn Abi Talib (656-661 C.E.).
Other Muslims, however, believed that Ali's
descendants should become head of the religious
commu- nity. These Muslims were called "Alids" that
became known as "Shia Ali" or "the party of Ali." In
time, they came to be called "Shi'ites" (Hopfe 1983).
For the Shi'ites, Ali was the first imam and the rightful
spiritual and polit- ical successor of Muhammad. Ali's
youngest son, Husayn, challenged the Umayyad
caliph Yazid I but was later killed and beheaded at the
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 The Sufi
Muslims whose concern
mainly dwell for a mystical
union with God are
collectively called Sufis. Their
name originate from the word
suf that means "woolen" since
they wore coarse wool
garments or robes to
symbolize poverty and
denunciation of worldly
pleasures (Hopfe 1983). A Sufi
can be a Sunni or Shi'ite
Muslim.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under

CC BY-SA

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The Sufi movement may have started around the
ninth century C.E. at the time when there came a
clarion call to live a simpler and austere life far
from the splendor and grandeur that characterized
the Abbasid Dynasty.

A convert who joins the order were called fakir ("a

poor man") or dervish ("one who comes to the
door").. The new recruits studied under their
master to develop their heightened sense of
spirituality. Most Sufi practitioners practice
discipline, poverty, abstinence, and celibacy in
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 SELECTED ISSUES

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 Islam and Women
Women in Islam must accept that their roles in society
vary greatly when compared to men. Foremost, they
must remain obedient to their fathers and husband. A
surah in the Quran depicts a woman's father or
husband as master and portrays the superiority of
men on women. All Muslims are required to observe
the Five Pillars of Islam. However, congregational
prayers tend to be dominated by men while this
activity remains optional for women. It is prohibited
for any woman to lead prayers. When a woman is
having her usual menstrual period, she must not
enter any mosque. In some countries, Muslim women
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 Quran assures women the right to
own, dispose, and inherit properties
and earnings, to participate in
political exercise, and to sue for
divorce. In other words, a complete,
legal identity is guaranteed by the
Quran to Muslim women (Horrie &
Chippindale 2003).

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 The Quran views women as spiritually equal to men. As both
shall be assessed during the "Day of Judgment," they must
both perform good deeds. Nevertheless, despite the elevation
in the status of women in Muslim society, they remain
seemingly inferior to men. The Quran mentions the following
with regard to the position of women: "Men are the protectors
and maintainers of women, because Allah has given the one
more (strength) than the other, and because they support
them from their means. Therefore, the righteous women are
devoutly obedient, and guard in (the husband's) absence what
Allah would have them guard. As to those women on whose
part you fear disloyalty and ill-conduct, admonish them (first),
(next), refuse to share their beds, (and last) chastise them
(lightly); but if they return to obedience, seek not against them
means (of annoyance): for Allah is Most High, Great (above you
all) (Quran 4:34)."
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 The Holy War (Jihad)
A frequently mistranslated term, jihad means "effort" or
"struggle" to convince unbelievers to pursue the Muslim way
of life (Fletcher 2003). Strictly speaking, it could mean a
Muslim going to war to wipe out the infidels in the name of
Allah (Hopfe 1983). However, the method of a jihadist can be a
peaceful one, such as living a pious life or observing the
required obligations to his faith, or through violent means,
especially if the infidels are obstinate (Fletcher 2003).

Islamic law opposes all violent means except in cases of war or

legally sanctioned punishment of criminals (Frager 2002). The
Quran contains the following verse in reference to Islam's
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 Islam is a religion of mercy that prohibits terrorism.
During Muhammad's time, he proscribed his soldiers
to kill women and children, and even listed murder as
the second of the major sins (Ibrahim 1997).
Punishment through the use of fire was also forbidden
by Muhammad.

The presence of violence in Islamic society cannot be

attributed to the teachings of Islam but to the failings
of human adherents of the religion (Frager 2002). A
person committing an act of terrorism is guilty of
violating Islamic laws for that matter.

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 Migration
The late nineteenth century saw a significant
migration of Muslims from Syria, Lebanon, and
Jordan to the US. After the Second World War,
European countries encouraged emigration from
former colonies to augment manpower shortages.

The Muslim population in the US and Europe

continues to rise in the present century. Islam has
now become an American religion with around six
million Muslims in population. Muslim immigrants
and their American-born children number about four
million in total. Meanwhile, almost two million are
American converts that are mainly African American
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 REPORTERS

ELOISA ALAISAH ASH ZHALLANE JASMINE

SACES MOHAMAD ALIE DINGUINBAYAN OCRAY

EDLYN ALYSSA IVAN

DELOS SANTOS NANO ABANES
THANK YOU!!!
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