UNIT-I

1. The Internet of Things: An Overview of Internet of Things

2. Technology behind IoT
3. Sources of the IoTs
4. M2M Communication
5. Examples of IoTs
6. Design Principles For Connected Devices.

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 Internet of Things─ Definition,
Vision and Concepts

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 INTERNET- Definition

• “Internet” A vast global network of connected servers, clouds,

computers, tablets, mobiles, devices and systems.
• Uses the Internationally used protocols and connecting
systems.

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 INTERNET- Usages

• Enables sending, receiving, or communicating the

information, messages, alerts, ……
• Between devices, sensors, servers Cloud services, applications,
business processes……

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 “Things” Definition

• Thing refers to a physical object, an action, idea, situation or

activity, in case when we need not be precise.

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 Internet of Things- Definition

• The network of physical objects or "things" embedded with

electronics, software, sensors Connected so as to enable
achieving greater value and offer service by exchanging data
with the manufacturer, operator and/or other connected
devices Each thing uniquely identifiable Things embedded
with sensors and computing system able to interoperate within
the existing Internet infrastructure.

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 Internet of Things- Concept

• Concept of IoT started with things with the communicating

devices for the identity, called RFIDs •
• RFIDs connect to Internet
• RFID Radio Frequency Identification
• Connected devices could be tracked, controlled or monitored
using remote computers, Applications, Business Processes,
…….

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 Internet of Things- Vision

• A vision where things (wearable, watch, alarm clock, home

devices, surrounding objects with) become smart and behave
alive through sensing, computing and communicating systems.
• A vision where embedded devices interact with remote objects
or persons through connectivity, for examples, using Internet
or Near Field Communication or other technologies.

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 Internet of Things- Example

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 An IoT Conceptual Framework

• Physical Object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators + Internet

= Internet of Things … (1.1)
• Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage + Acquire + organize and
Analyse = Internet of Things Enterprise & Business
Applications, Integration and SoA … (1.2)
• Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Collect + Assemble +
Manage and Analyse = Internet of Things connected to Cloud
Services … (1.3)

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 An IoT Conceptual Framework

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 An IoT Conceptual Framework

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 Summary

We learnt
(i) Physical Object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators + Internet
= Internet of Things
(ii) Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage + Acquire + organize
and Analyse = Oracle IoT Architecture
(iii) Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Collect + Assemble +
Manage and Analyse = IBM Architecture reference
model/Conceptual framework

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 Technology beyond the IoT

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 1. Hardware

• Embedded Devices
• Embedded hardware/software with Sensors/Actuators
• Hardware (Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Intel Edison, mBed, Beagle
Bone Black and Wireless SoC, …..)

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 2. Integrated development environment (IDE) and Software

• Enables developing device software, firmware and APIs

• Eclipse IoT Stack, Sense, ThingWorx, EvryThng
• Software (RIOT OS, Thingsquare Mist firmware, Eclipse
IoT)

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 3a. Embedded Devices/M2M Communication Protocols

• CoAP, RESTful HTTP, MQTT, XMPP

• Communication
• (RFID, NFC, 6LowPAN, UWB, ZigBee, Bluetooth LE,
Power-line Ethernet, LPWAN)

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 3b. Network Protocols

• ZigBeeIP, RPL, IPv4, IPv6, UDP

• WiFi, WiMax, 2G/3G/4G/5G)

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 4. Software Platforms

• Internetwork Cloud Platforms (Xively, Nimbits, TCS

Connected Universe Platform, openHAB, AWS IoT, IBM
BlueMix, CISCO IoT, IOx and Fog, EvryThng)
• Server

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 5a. Analyzing and Visualizing

• Analyzing data, streaming data, events streaming data

• Descriptive, Prescriptive and Predictive Analytics
• Data Visualization

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 5b. Analytics & Machine Learning

• Learning ability to learn continuously from data, and the

ability to drive actions/Applications/Business Processes
• Machine learning algorithms, for example, GROK from
Numenta Inc.

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 Steps behind the IoTs

1. Device platform consisting of device hardware and

software.

2. Microcontrollers (or custom chips)

3. Software for device APIs and web applications

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 Steps behind the IoTs

4. Connecting and networking,

5. Server and web programming,

6. Cloud platform for storage and computing, and

7. Data Analytics, Visualization and Machine Learning

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 Summary

We need Five Technologies for the IoT

(i) Device platform
(ii) Device hardware and software Technology
(iii) Connecting Network Technology
(iv) Cloud Platform or Server
(v) Analytics, data visualization, Machine Learning

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 Summary

We need Five Technologies for the IoT

(i) Device platform
(ii) Device hardware and software Technology
(iii) Connecting Network Technology
(iv) Cloud Platform or Server
(v) Analytics, data visualization, Machine Learning

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 Sources of Internet of Things Systems

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 1. Sensors and Control Units

• Analog Sensors: thermistor, photoconductor, pressure gauge

and Hall sensor
• Digital Sensors: touch sensor, proximity sensor, metal sensor,
traffic
• presence sensor, rotator encoder for measuring angles, linear
encoders for measuring position

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 1. Sensors and Control Units

Control Unit

• Most commonly used control unit in IoT consists of a

microcontroller unit (MCU) or

• A custom chip or core in a VLSI or an SoC

• Popular microcontrollers: ATmega 328, ATMega 32u4, ARM

Cortex and ARM LPC.

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 Various Functional Elements Embedded in IoT Device

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 1. Sensors and Control Units

Arduino Boards
• E.g. Arduino Yún
• Using Microcontroller ATmega32u4
• Includes Wi-Fi, Ethernet, USB port, micro-SD card slot and
three reset buttons
• Runs Linux

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 1. Sensors and Control Units

Raspberry Pi
• Wi-Fi-connected device
• Included code open source RasWIK

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 2. RFIDs

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 2. RFIDs

RFID (Radio Frequency ID)

• An identification system
• Tagging and labelling
• Tiny chips: passive, active and battery powered when reader
nearby Wireless

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 2. RFIDs

RFID (Radio Frequency ID)

• Communication range 10 cm to 200 m
• Standard frequency ranges: 120- 150 kHz, 13.56 MHz, 433
MHz and higher in UHF and Microwave regions

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 2. RFIDs

RFID Applications
• Tracking and inventory control
• Identification in supply chain systems
• Access to buildings and road tolls
• Secured store center entries
• Devices such as RFID based temperature sensors
• Applications in factory design, 3PL-management, brand
protection, and anti-counterfeiting
• Business processes for payment, leasing, insurance, and
quality management

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 3. WSNs

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 3. WSNs

WSN network
• Defined as a network in which each sensor node connect
wirelessly
• Capabilities of computations
• Data compaction, aggregation and analysis
• Each with communication as well as networking capabilities.

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 3. WSNs

Node Characteristics
• Autonomous: Independent computing power and capability to
send requests and receive responses, and data forward and
routing capabilities.

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4: Communication Modules and Software Development Tools

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4: Communication Modules and Software Development Tools

Communication Module
• Device message-queue
• A device message-cache stores the received messages
• Protocol handlers: CoAP, HTTP, MQTT, TLS, DTLS
LWM2M, CoAP-SMS, CoAP-MQ, ……

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4: Communication Modules and Software Development Tools

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4: Communication Modules and Software Development Tools

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 Summary

We learnt
(i) Sensors, Control units, Microcontrollers
(ii) Sources for the IoTs: Arduino, Intel Galileo, Raspberry Pi,
BeagleBone,
(iii) RFIDs,
(iv) WSNs
(v) Communication module and software development tools

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 M2M to the IoT

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 M2M to the IoT

• Machine-to-Machine (M2M) refers to networking of

machines (or devices) for the purpose of remote monitoring
and control and data exchange.

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 Difference between IoT and M2M

• Communication Protocols
• M2M and IoT can differ in how the communication between the
machines or devices happens.
• M2M uses either proprietary or non-IP based communication
protocols for communication within the M2M area networks.
• Machines in M2M vs. Things in IoT
• The "Things" in IoT refers to physical objects that have unique
identifiers and can sense and communicate with their external
environment (and user applications) or their internal physical states.
• M2M systems, in contrast to IoT, typically have homogeneous
machine types within an M2M area network.

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 Difference between IoT and M2M

• Hardware vs. Software Emphasis

• While the emphasis of M2M is more on hardware with
embedded modules, the emphasis of IoT is more on software.
• Data Collection & Analysis
• M2M data is collected in point solutions and often in on-
premises storage infrastructure.
• In contrast to M2M, the data in IoT is collected in the cloud
(can be public, private or hybrid cloud).

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 Difference between IoT and M2M

• Applications
• M2M data is collected in point solutions and can be accessed by
on-premises applications such as diagnosis applications, service
management applications, and on- premises enterprise applications.
• IoT data is collected in the cloud and can be accessed by cloud
applications such as analytics applications, enterprise applications,
remote diagnosis and management applications, etc.

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 M2M to the IoT

M2M system
• Each machine in embeds a smart device.
• Device senses the data or status of the machine.
• Performs the computation and communication functions.
• A device communicates via wired or wireless systems.
• Protocols: 6LowPAN, LWM2M, MQTT, XMPP.
• Each device assigned 48-bits Ipv6 addresses.

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 M2M to the IoT

• Technology closely relates to IoT which use smart devices to

collect data that is transmitted via the Internet to other
devices.
• Close differences lies in M2M uses for device to device
communication also for coordinated monitoring and control
purposes.

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 M2M to the IoT

M2M Application Areas

• Connected Cars for Safety and Infotainment
• Remote Monitoring
• ATMs/Point of Sales Terminal Connected for centralized
Security
• Remote Monitoring, Trucks Fleet Management

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 M2M to the IoT

M2M Communication Framework

• DeviceHive
• Enables connecting devices to the IoTs
• Web-based management software that creates security rules
based networks and monitors devices

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 M2M to the IoT

M2M Architecture Three domains

• M2M Device domain
• M2M network
• M2M Application domain

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 M2M to the IoT

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 M2M to the IoT

Layer 3: M2M device communication domain

• M2M Devices Domain Communication
• Gateway
• Physical devices and Controllers (the things in IoT) [Sensors,
machines, devices, Intelligent Edge nodes of Different
Types

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 M2M to the IoT

Layer 2: Network Domain

• M2M server, device identity, device and device-network
management, Data Analysis, Abstraction, Accumulation,
and Management
• Uni-cast and multicast message delivery
• Core functionalities for monitoring
• Connectivity (Communication and Processing Units)

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 M2M to the IoT

Layer 1: M2M Application Domain

• Integration, Collaboration and M2M Application Services
• Application (Reporting, Analysis, control)

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 M2M to the IoT

M2M Protocols
• Eclipse M2M Industry Working Group Various projects
• Koneki
• Eclipse SCADA for open standards for communication
protocols, tools, and frameworks
• ITU-T Focus Group M2M (global standardization initiative
for a common M2M service layer
• Weightless (wireless communications) Group for standards
and using wireless spaces for M2M

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 M2M to the IoT

M2M Usages
• Coordinated movement of tools, robots, drones
• Refinery operations, sequential control at each stage during
manufacturing
• Manufacturing of food packets
• Assembly in assembly lines and
• Tracking of failures along the railway tracks.

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 M2M to the IoT

IIoT usages
• Manufacturing at multiple locations, railways, mining,
agriculture, oil and
• gas, utilities, transportation, logistics and healthcare services
along usages of the Internet, and
• Usages of software for analytics, machine learning, and
knowledge discovery in these areas

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 Summary

We learnt
(i) M2M devices Network connect to Internet Also
(ii) Close differences lies in M2M uses for device to device
communication also for coordinate monitoring plus control
purposes
(iii) IoT usages of remote computers, systems, servers
connected through Internet protocols, and
(iv) Three Layer Architecture: Devices Communication
Domain, Network domain and Application Domain
(v) M2M Devices and Network Tools and
(vi) M2M usages examples
(vii) IIoT usages examples

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 Internet of Things Examples

Example: Wearable Watches

• Two-inch curved display,
• Ability to make a phone call completely independent of an
actual smart phone

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 Internet of Things Examples

Wearable Watches
• Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity options,
• GPS and
• Health App measuring the heart rate and monitors
• Informing the wearer when it is a good idea to eat, when
he/she has had enough exercise, and when is a good time
for some rest.
• Navigational features during the walk
• Watch wearer sending a text from their wrist

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 Internet of Things Examples

Time and Motion Sensors

• Steps
• Calories burnt
• Active time
• Distance
• Sleep monitor

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 Internet of Things Examples

Wearable Sensors
• Body Temperature
• Hydration Levels
• Oxygen Saturation
• Perspiration
• Heart Rate
• Sugar Level
• ECG

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 Internet of Things Examples

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 Internet of Things Examples

Summary
We learnt
• Wearable have Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity options
• GPS Tracking
• Health App measures heart rate and monitors
• Number of Apps

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 ???

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 THANK YOU

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