A

Industrial Training Report

On
FRONT-END WEB
DESIGNING
Submitted
in partial fulfilment
for the award of the
Degree Of

Bachelor of
Technology
In
Computer Science
Engineering

(4ᵗʰ year CSE )

Submitted Submitted By:

To: Surendra Singh Bhati
Sanjay Tiwari VII Sem CSE
HOD CSE
21EAOCS050

Department of Computer Science &

Engineering
Arya Institute of Engineering Technology and
Management, Jaipur
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota (2024-25)
 ARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT
F-29, Ajmer Rd, Omaxe City, Bhambhoriya, , Rajasthan 302026
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
(4ᵗʰ Year CSE)

Certifica
te

This is to certify that the work, which is being presented

in the Practical training seminar report for practical
training taken at “Indeses Business Ventures
Pvt.Ltd” entitled “Front-End Web Designing”
submitted by Mr. Surendra Singh Bhati, a student of
4ᵗʰ year ( 7ᵗʰ Sem) B.Tech. in Computer Science
Engineering as a partial fulfillment for the award of
degree of bachelor of technology is a record of student’s
work carried out and found satisfactory for submission.

Mr. Avinash Sanjay

Kothari Training Tiwari
Head of
Coordinator
Department

i
Training
Certificate

ii
 Candidate’s
Declaration
I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the Industrial Training
report, entitled “Front-End Web Designing” in partial fulfillment for
the award of Degree of “Bachelor of Technology” in Department of Computer
Science & Engineering with Specialization in Computer Engineering and
submitted to the Department of Computer Science &
Engineering, Arya Institute of Engineering Technology and Management, is
a record of my own investigations carried under the Guidance of Mr. Sanjay
Tiwari Sir, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering.

(Signature of
Candidate)

Surendra Singh
Bhati
Roll No.: 21EAOCS050

iii
 Abstra
ct
Web development using HTML and CSS forms the foundation of modern web design and user
interface development. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading Style
Sheets) are essential technologies that enable developers to create visually appealing,
responsive, and interactive websites. This abstract provides an overview of the role of HTML
and CSS in web development, their key features, and their significance in shaping the online
user experience.
HTML, as a markup language, serves as the backbone of web pages. It provides the structural
framework for content, defining elements such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, and
images. HTML5, the latest version of HTML, introduced numerous enhancements,
including native support for multimedia elements like audio and video, as well as semantic
tags that provide more meaningful and accessible page structure. These improvements have
made HTML5 a powerful tool for creating dynamic web content.
CSS complements HTML by controlling the presentation and styling of web content. CSS
separates the design from the structure, allowing developers to apply styles consistently across
a website. CSS properties dictate how elements are displayed, specifying attributes like colors,
fonts, margins, padding, and layout. With CSS3, developers gained access to advanced features
such as animations, transitions, and responsive design capabilities, enabling the creation of
visually engaging and adaptable web interfaces.
The combination of HTML and CSS plays a crucial role in responsive web design. Responsive
design ensures that websites adapt seamlessly to various screen sizes and devices, providing
an optimal user experience on desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. Media queries,
a CSS feature, enable developers to apply different styles based on screen characteristics,
allowing content to reflow and rearrange dynamically. This approach is essential in today's
mobile-centric digital landscape.
Web development using HTML and CSS also emphasizes web accessibility. Developers must
adhere to web accessibility standards, such as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
(WCAG), to ensure that websites are usable by people with disabilities. Semantic HTML
elements and proper labeling, along with CSS techniques like high- contrast text and resizable
layouts, contribute to a more inclusive online experience.

iv
The significance of HTML and CSS extends beyond their technical capabilities. They are
integral to creating user-friendly interfaces that enhance usability and engagement. Well-
structured HTML ensures content is organized and easy to navigate, while CSS styling
improves readability and aesthetics. Additionally, CSS can be used to create interactive
elements like hover effects and transitions, enhancing user interactions.

The development process typically involves a combination of HTML and CSS, alongside other
technologies such as JavaScript for interactivity and server-side languages like PHP or Python
for backend functionality. Version control systems like Git and development environments like
Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) facilitate collaborative web development
projects.

In conclusion, web development using HTML and CSS is the cornerstone of creating visually
appealing, responsive, and accessible websites. These technologies provide the essential
framework for structuring content and defining its presentation. The synergy between HTML
and CSS enables developers to craft engaging user interfaces that adapt to various devices,
meeting the demands of the modern web landscape. By adhering to best practices and
accessibility standards, web developers ensure that their creations are inclusive and user-
centric, ultimately enhancing the online experience for all users. As web technologies continue
to evolve, HTML and CSS will remain fundamental tools for web development, shaping the
future of the digital world.

v
 Acknowledgement

On the completion of the industrial training on Front-End Web Designing.

I would like to thanks the Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Arya Institute of
Engineering Technology and Management, Head of Department Mr. Sanjay Tiwari Sir for
providing us the opportunity to have such a training where we could get the exposure of competing
and performing with students from other colleges and universities.

I would also like to express my heartful gratitude to Mrs. Subhi Mam under whose guidance I have
been able to complete this training successfully and gain experience and knowledge about the
various topics.
I would also like to thank all the teaching assistants at Indeses Business Venture Pvt.Ltd. Jaipur,
they have been very helpful throughout the process both in solving our doubts and motivating us to
complete our tasks and assignments and helping us learn.

I would also like to express my deepest appreciation for Mr. Prem Prakash Rajpal (CEO of Indeses
Business Venture Pvt.Ltd.) for guiding me throughout
the training and all the people who have directly or indirectly helped me to successfully complete
the training.

Surendra Singh
Bhati
Roll No.
21EAOCS050

vi
 Learning/Internship
Objectives
• Internships are generally thought of to be reserved for college students looking to
gain experience in a particular field. However, a wide array of people can benefit
from Training Internships in order to receive real world experience and develop
their skills.
• An objective for this position should emphasize the skills you already possess in
the area and your interest in learning more.
• Internships are utilized in a number of different career fields, including
architecture, engineering, healthcare, economics, advertising and many more.
• Some internships are used to allow individuals to perform scientific research while
others are specifically designed to allow people to gain first-hand
experience working.
• Utilizing internships is a great way to build your resume and develop skills that
can be emphasized in your resume for future jobs. When you are applying for a
Training Internship, make sure to highlight any special skills or talents that can
make you stand apart from the rest of the applicants so that you have an improved
chance of landing the position.

vii
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS
S. TITLE PAGE
NO. Cover Page Department NO.
Certificate Training i ii iii
Certificate Candidate’s iv v
Declaration Abstract vi
Acknowledgement vii-
Learning/Internship viii
Objectives List of Tables

1 Chapter 1: Significance of 1
2 Training 2
Chapter 2: Introduction to
3 Company3: History of Web
Chapter 3
4 Development 5
5 Chapter 4: Definition 6
6 1
Chapter 5: HTML The Web 0
Language Chapter 6: Introduction
7 Chapter 7: Introduction
and History of CSS and History of 13
8 JavaScript 17
9 19
1 Chapter 8: Responsive Web Design 21
0 using Bootstrap Chapter 9: Tools Used
1
1 Chapter 10: Project Description
2
1
Chapter 11: Project Snapshot Chapter 3
2
2
1 12: Source Code Chapter 13: 6
3
Conclusion 2
1
Chapter 14: Reference 8
4
2
9

viii
ix
 Chapter 1
SIGNIFICANCE OF
TRAINING

Industrial training is a part of our academic session which is designed to give us an analysis of the
Industrial environment in our profession. Industrial training refers to work proficiency that is
applicable to professional advancement prior to graduation. In industrial training, students join a
company that is related to their profession and subject and they complete their industrial training in a
particular time (45 days, 2 months, 3 months, etc.) Industrial training is a program that offers good
practical training for a certain time period. It is offered by private companies as well as by
government organizations.

Industrial training provides students with skills and practical knowledge significantly that help the
students to become successful professionals. Industrial Training is a doorway for aspirants to achieve
their professional goals by allowing them to obtain an in-depth understanding of their theoretical
curriculum while also allowing them to watch and gain personal experience of the industry, job
execution, and work environment. Theoretical and practical knowledge are both essential
components of learning, and they go hand in hand. While theory educates us about the skills, practice
allows us to put them into practice.

Furthermore, it aids in the development of a student's feeling of responsibility, self-confidence,

excellent work habits, and the ability to work as part of a team to achieve a common goal. The
quickly changing professional and competitive world needs job-ready professionals, therefore
educational institutions prioritize industrial training and internships to familiarize their students with
the industry before they graduate. There are many components of Industrial Training that aim to
enhance students' abilities and create a better skilled and sophisticated workforce for today's world
and the future.

It improves students' capacity to strengthen their creative abilities and shape their ideas in addition to
providing them with critical skill sets, experiences, and information. A prospective professional
learns how to communicate effectively with co-workers and how to do business in the industrial
sector, which makes it much simpler for a student to break into the industry. One becomes used to the
real work environment after being acquainted with it and being exposed to it during the course

1
 Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY

Indeses is Software Development Company is pioneer in offering technology solutions by creating business- driven
strategies across a wide variety of industry verticals. We are a full-service B2B digitalization arm providing
Services for Customized software solutions & services. The company is built up from housing handpicked
professionals from different area of expertise each striving towards making your digital dream come true.

1.What Indeses Offer

1.Software Solution
For business dealing with a large number of clients, the task of keeping track of them all to maintain a healthy
and profitable relation remains. One of the greatest software development companies in Jaipur is Indeses.
We always give our customers the best services. In order to meet our clients' needs, we are always working.
Indeses creates a comprehensive brand strategy and assists firms in staying competitive. We are
professionals at boosting the growth and revenues of your company.
Unlike others, we provide you scalable solutions that are simple, quick, and cost-effective. Your web presence
will be elevated as a result. They concentrate on enhancing every aspect of your website, including the
copywriting, keywords, social media presence, and everything else.

2.Ecommerce Solution
Entrust full-cycle implementation of your software product to our experienced BAs, UI/UX designers,
developers.

3.Mobile App Development

As mobile solutions take the center stage in terms of customer-outreach and engagment the fragmentation of
the platforms makes it increasingly

4.Web Development
When it comes to software solutions for specific business requirements, there is no such thing as one-size fits
all and customized software.

2
 Chapter 3
HISTORY OF WEB DEVELOPMENT

3.1 Evolution of Web Development

The journey of web development is a captivating narrative that has transformed the way we
communicate, conduct business, and share information on a global scale. From its humble
beginnings in the early 1990s to the dynamic landscape we see today, web development has evolved in
leaps and bounds, ushering in revolutionary changes and innovations.

The Early Web (1990s)

In the early 1990s, the World Wide Web was born. Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist, laid the
foundation by creating the first web browser and web server. The first web pages were simple, consisting
mainly of text and hyperlinks. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) was introduced, and it remains
a fundamental building block of web development even today.

The Rise of Dynamic Content (Late 1990s - Early 2000s)

The late 1990s and early 2000s witnessed the proliferation of dynamic websites. Technologies like
JavaScript allowed for client-side scripting, enabling interactivity and better user experiences. Content
management systems (CMS) emerged, simplifying the process of website creation and management.

Web 2.0 and the Social Web (Mid-2000s)

The mid-2000s saw the dawn of Web 2.0, a paradigm shift that emphasized user-generated content and
collaboration. Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube emerged, changing the way
people interacted online. Web development evolved to support rich multimedia content, social
integration, and responsive design to accommodate a variety of devices.

Mobile-First and Responsive Design (2010s)

With the explosive growth of smartphones and tablets, web developers had to adapt. The concept of
responsive web design gained prominence, ensuring that websites could seamlessly adjust to various
screen sizes. Technologies like CSS3 and HTML5 offered enhanced capabilities for multimedia,
animation, and user interface design.

Web Development Today

Today, web development is a multifaceted discipline. Full-stack developers work on both the front- end
(user interface) and back-end (server-side logic) of websites. Frameworks and libraries like React,
Angular, and Vue.js have revolutionized front-end development. On the back end, Node.js and Python are
among the popular choices. Cloud computing and serverless architecture have made ʰᵒˢᵗᶦⁿᵍ ᵃⁿᵈ ˢᶜᵃˡᶦⁿᵍ ʷᵉᵇˢᶦᵗᵉˢ
ᵐᵒʳᵉ ᵃᶜᶜᵉˢˢᶦᵇˡᵉ. 3
Emerging Trends

The evolution of web development continues, with several trends shaping its future. Progressive Web
Apps (PWAs) are blurring the lines between web and native mobile apps. Web Assembly enables high-
performance computing in web browsers. Accessibility and inclusivity are gaining prominence, ensuring
web content is available to all.

The Era of Full-Stack Development

As web development became more complex, the concept of full-stack development gained
popularity. Full-stack developers are proficient in both front-end and back-end technologies,
allowing them to create end-to-end solutions. Frameworks like MEAN (MongoDB, Express.js, Angular,
Node.js) and MERN (MongoDB, Express.js, React, Node.js) exemplify this comprehensive approach.

Artificial Intelligence and Web Development:

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into web development is a
contemporary trend. AI-powered chatbots, recommendation engines, and automated testing tools are
becoming increasingly common. These technologies enhance user experiences and streamline
development processes.

In conclusion, the evolution of web development is a testament to human innovation and the power of
technology. What began as a basic system for sharing text has evolved into a dynamic, interactive, and
diverse ecosystem that empowers businesses, connects people across the globe, and transforms our digital
world. The future of web development promises even more exciting developments, and it's an industry
that remains at the forefront of technological progress

4
 Chapter
4
DEFINITIO
N
Web development, a dynamic and multifaceted discipline, is the process of creating and maintaining
websites and web applications that form the backbone of the modern digital landscape. It
encompasses a wide array of skills, technologies, and methodologies aimed at constructing
compelling online experiences. From the early days of static web pages to the sophisticated web
applications of today, the field has evolved significantly, mirroring the rapid advancements in technology
and the ever-changing needs of users

At its core, web development involves the collaboration of various technologies to bring a digital idea to
life. This process is initiated with the creation of the foundational structure, or the 'front end,' of a
website, which is the visible part that users interact with directly. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML),
the structural language of the web, serves as the canvas upon which the content is presented. Cascading
Style Sheets (CSS) are then applied to define the visual style and layout, ensuring a harmonious and user-
friendly interface.

The next layer in the web development stack is the 'back end,' which operates behind the scenes to power
the functionality and data processing of a website. Back-end development involves server-side scripting,
databases, and server management. Programming languages like JavaScript (Node.js), Python (Django,
Flask), Ruby (Ruby on Rails), and PHP are commonly employed to create dynamic and interactive web
applications.

Web development is not confined to the creation of static web pages; it has evolved to meet the demands
of the modern, interconnected world. The advent of dynamic websites, where content changes based on
user interactions, marked a significant shift. This dynamic nature is often achieved through the use of
JavaScript frameworks and libraries such as React, Angular, and Vue.js, which enable the creation of
Single Page Applications (SPAs) and responsive web design.

The rise of mobile devices necessitated a paradigm shift in web development. Responsive web design
emerged as a crucial concept, ensuring that websites adapt seamlessly to various screen sizes. This shift
was further fueled by the importance of mobile-first development, acknowledging the prevalence of
mobile browsing and the need for a consistent user experience across devices.

In conclusion, web development is a dynamic and ever-evolving discipline that shapes the digital
landscape we navigate daily. From the fundamental building blocks of HTML and CSS to the
sophisticated frameworks and technologies driving modern web applications, the journey of web
development reflects the ingenuity and adaptability of the global developer community

5
 Chapter 5
HTML THE WEB
LANGUAGE

5.1 History of HTML:

The story begins in the late 1980s when the internet was in its infancy. It was primarily used by
researchers and academics for sharing text-based information. A visionary British scientist, Tim Berners-
Lee, was working at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) in Switzerland. In 1989,
Berners-Lee created a proposal for what he initially called the "Information Mesh." This proposal laid the
foundation for the World Wide Web.

At the heart of Berners-Lee's vision was a system that could facilitate the sharing of information across
the globe. He introduced the concept of HTML as a simple markup language to format and link
documents within this information-sharing system. In 1990, the first web browser, known as World Wide
Web, and web server were developed at CERN, marking the beginning of the web as we know it.

HTML 1.0:

The first official HTML specification, HTML 1.0, was published in 1993. This specification introduced
basic tags such as <h1>, <p>, and <a>, allowing for text formatting and the creation of hyperlinks.
HTML's role as the structural language of the web had been established, and the web began to grow.

HTML 2.0:

In 1995, HTML 2.0 was released, adding more features like forms and tables. These additions made web
documents more interactive and allowed for more complex layouts. HTML was evolving rapidly to meet
the growing demands of the emerging web.

HTML 3.2:

HTML 3.2, published in 1997, marked a significant milestone in the evolution of HTML. It introduced
more advanced formatting and layout capabilities, including the use of frames and style sheets. The web
was becoming a more visually appealing and dynamic place.

The Browser Wars and Proprietary Technologies:

The late 1990s were marked by a period of intense competition between browser companies, particularly
Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Netscape's Navigator. Each introduced its own proprietary
technologies, such as JavaScript and Dynamic HTML, which threatened to fragment the
web.

To address this growing issue of incompatibility, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded in
1994. The W3C's mission was to develop open standards for the web, ensuring its

interoperability and long-term stability. 6

HTML 4.0:

In 1998, the W3C released HTML 4.0, aimed at unifying the various HTML dialects and
consolidating the evolving web standards. HTML 4.0 introduced features for multimedia embedding,
interactive forms, and improved styling through Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). It provided the tools for
web developers to create more sophisticated and interactive web content.

HTML 4.01:

HTML 4.01, a minor revision, was published in 1999. It further refined the standards and
specifications, becoming the de facto standard for web development and design for many years.

XHTML:

At the turn of the century, the web community began to explore the possibilities of extending HTML's
capabilities by aligning it with the rules of XML, resulting in XHTML (eXtensible Hypertext Markup
Language). XHTML was designed to be stricter and cleaner, aiming to facilitate compatibility with other
data formats and adhere to the principles of well-formed XML documents.

XHTML 1.0 was published in 2000, and XHTML 1.1 followed in 2001. While XHTML was a significant
step toward making the web more structured and interoperable, its transition was not without challenges.
Web developers found it difficult to adhere to the stricter syntax rules and were often faced with
compatibility issues.

The Emergence of HTML5:

Amid the challenges presented by XHTML, a more lenient approach to web development, often referred to
as "HTML5," began to gain momentum. HTML5 was not an official specification but a term coined by
Opera Software in 2004 to describe the evolving set of features and practices that extended HTML.

HTML5 aimed to address the evolving needs of web developers and users. It introduced elements like
<video>, <audio>, and <canvas> for multimedia and graphics. It also emphasized compatibility with mobile
devices, fostering the concept of responsive design. HTML5 brought improvements in accessibility and
semantic markup, making it easier for search engines to understand web content.

HTML5 gained rapid adoption as browser vendors recognized its potential and began implementing its
features. This adoption of HTML5 marked a significant turning point in the history of HTML. It signaled a
shift towards a more robust, versatile, and mobile-friendly web.

HTML5 Becomes a W3C Recommendation:

In 2014, HTML5 was officially published a W3C Recommendation, solidifying its status as the modern
web standard. The web had evolved from its text-based origins to a multimedia-rich,
interactive platform, and HTML5 was at the forefront of this transformation.

7
The HTML Living Standard:
HTML5 continues to evolve and adapt to the ever-changing landscape of the internet. Work on the
HTML Living Standard is ongoing, with the web community and organizations like the W3C and
WHATWG (Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group) contributing to its
development.

Today, HTML remains the foundation of the web, and its rich history reflects the growth and adaptability
of the internet. From its humble beginnings as a simple markup language to its current role as a versatile
tool for creating and interacting with digital content, HTML has played a central role in shaping the
digital world we live in. The history of HTML is a testament to the web's continuous evolution and
innovation.

5.2 Introduction to HTML

In the ever-evolving landscape of the digital age, HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) remains the
foundation upon which the World Wide Web is built. HTML is the language that empowers web
developers and designers to create the web pages and applications that form the backbone of the internet.
In this comprehensive introduction, we will explore the origins, structure, and fundamental concepts of
HTML, shedding light on its pivotal role in shaping the online world as we know it today.

HTML is often referred to as a "markup language," which is a type of language that uses tags or codes to
annotate text and define its structure. These tags are not displayed on the web page but rather provide
instructions to web browsers on how to render and present the content to users. In essence, HTML
markup is a set of instructions that dictate how web browsers should format and display the content of a
web page.

HTML tags are enclosed in angle brackets (< >) and come in pairs, consisting of an opening tag and a
closing tag. The opening tag signifies the beginning of an element, and the closing tag marks its end. For
example, the most basic HTML document structure consists of an opening <html> tag and a closing
</html> tag, like this:
It's essential to understand that HTML is case-insensitive, meaning you can use uppercase or lowercase
letters for tags. However, it is considered best practice to use lowercase for tags and attribute names to
maintain consistency and improve code readability.

Headings are essential for structuring content hierarchically. HTML provides six levels of headings, from
<h1> (the highest importance) to <h6>. Paragraphs, marked by the <p> tag, are used to separate blocks of
text, making content more readable

8
First html program is -

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>First Program</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>FIRST PAGE</h1>
<p>Hello world this is my first page and this is paragraph made by Surendra Singh Bhati
</p>
</body>
</html

9
 Chapter 6
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF CSS

Cascading Style Sheets, commonly known as CSS, is a crucial technology that revolutionized web
design. It provides web developers with the means to control the visual presentation of web pages,
allowing for beautiful and consistent designs across different browsers and devices. The history of CSS is
a journey that spans several decades, with significant innovations and standardization efforts that have
shaped the web's appearance and functionality.

The Pre-CSS Era:

Before the introduction of CSS, web design was a challenging and limited endeavor. Early websites
were primarily text-based, often devoid of any visual appeal or interactivity. Design elements like fonts,
colors, and layout were controlled directly within the HTML code, making it difficult to create consistent,
visually appealing web pages. This inline styling led to tangled and hard-to-maintain code.

The Need for Separation of Style:

In the mid-1990s, web developers recognized the need for a more efficient way to manage the visual
aspects of web pages. Håkon Wium Lie, a Norwegian web pioneer, and Bert Bos, a Belgian computer
scientist, introduced the concept of Cascading HTML Style Sheets in 1994. Their proposal aimed to
separate the content (HTML) from the presentation (style), making web pages more maintainable and
adaptable.

CSS1 - The First Step:

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) took an interest in Lie and Bos's proposal and initiated work on
standardizing CSS. In 1996, CSS1 was introduced as the first official CSS specification.
CSS1 provided a simple set of styling rules that allowed web designers to control font styles, colors,
margins, and more. However, its capabilities were limited compared to what modern CSS offers.

The Browser Wars:

The late 1990s saw the rise of the "Browser Wars," a fierce competition between Microsoft's Internet
Explorer and Netscape Navigator. Both browsers added proprietary CSS features, leading to
compatibility issues and inconsistency in web design. Web developers had to write different code for each
browser to ensure their designs looked consistent.

10
CSS2 - Expanding Capabilities:
In 1998, CSS2 was introduced as the next step in standardizing CSS. CSS2
brought more advanced styling options, such as positioning and improved
layout control. It aimed to address the shortcomings of CSS1, making it
easier for designers to create sophisticated web layouts and designs.
However, CSS2 did not achieve widespread adoption due to the browser
wars and compatibility issues.

CSS2.1 - A Step Toward Standardization:

To mitigate the fragmentation caused by the browser wars, the W3C released CSS2.1 in 2004. CSS2.1
was a revised version of CSS2 that aimed to resolve inconsistencies and make the
specification more stable and predictable. It emphasized the importance of adhering to web standards,
promoting a more reliable and consistent web design experience.

CSS3 - A Modular Approach:

The need for further CSS development became evident as web design requirements continued to
evolve. In the early 2000s, the W3C adopted a modular approach to CSS3. Instead of releasing a
monolithic specification, CSS3 was divided into smaller, separate modules, each addressing specific
aspects of web design.

These modules included features like rounded corners, gradients, flexible box layout, and
animations. The modular approach allowed browser vendors to implement new features gradually,
promoting quicker adoption and more consistent rendering across different browsers.

CSS3 modules were developed incrementally, and some, like the Selectors module and the Box Model
module, were finalized and widely adopted. Other modules, such as Flexbox and Grid Layout, provided
advanced layout capabilities and were welcomed by web designers.

Web Standards and Compatibility:

In the early 2000s, there was a growing recognition of the importance of adhering to web standards. The
Web Standards Project (WaSP) and organizations like the W3C played significant roles in
advocating for standardized web development practices. The web development community
increasingly emphasized writing clean, semantically rich HTML and using CSS to control
presentation, fostering a more accessible and user-friendly web.

Responsive Web Design:

The proliferation of smartphones and tablets in the 2010s led to a paradigm shift in web design. Web
designers began adopting responsive web design techniques to create websites that adapt gracefully
to various screen sizes and devices. This approach relied heavily on CSS media queries, enabling flexible
and fluid layouts that revolutionized web design.

11
CSS Preprocessors:
In the mid-2000s, CSS preprocessors like Sass and Less gained popularity among web developers. These
preprocessors introduced advanced features such as variables, mixing, and nesting, making
CSS code more maintainable and efficient. They allowed developers to write cleaner, DRY (Don't Repeat
Yourself) code and compile it into standard CSS for browser compatibility.

CSS Frameworks:
The popularity of CSS frameworks like Bootstrap and Foundation also surged during this period.
These frameworks provided pre-designed, responsive components and layouts, allowing web
developers to create professional-looking websites more rapidly. CSS frameworks became essential tools
for building modern, mobile-friendly web applications.

CSS-in-JS and Component-Based Styling:

In the late 2010s, CSS-in-JS libraries gained traction in the JavaScript community. Libraries like Styled-
Components and Emotion allowed web developers to encapsulate CSS within JavaScript
components, making it easier to manage styles for individual components and ensuring that styles remain
scoped and isolated.

The Future of CSS:

CSS continues to evolve and adapt to the changing needs of web developers and designers. CSS Grid
Layout and CSS Custom Properties (variables) have become essential tools for building flexible and
responsive layouts. CSS4, in development at the time of writing, promises further advancements, including
new selectors and features to enhance web design capabilities.

In conclusion, the history of CSS is a story of evolution and standardization. From its humble beginnings as
a concept to separate content from presentation, CSS has become a fundamental technology in web design.
It has gone through various versions and modules, addressing the challenges posed by the Browser Wars
and the demands of modern web design. CSS's journey reflects the continuous improvement and innovation
in web development, enabling web designers to create beautiful, responsive, and accessible websites that
reach audiences across the globe.

12
 Chapter 7
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY JAVASCRIPT
Introduction to JavaScript:

JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, stands as a cornerstone in the world of web development,
providing the means to create dynamic and interactive content within web browsers.
Developed initially as a scripting language to enhance the user experience on static web pages,
JavaScript has evolved into a versatile programming language that runs on various platforms beyond
web browsers. Its flexibility and compatibility have made it an essential tool for both front-end and
back-end development, contributing to the creation of modern, feature-rich websites and web
applications.

7.1 History of JavaScript:

The inception of JavaScript dates back to the early 1990s when the World Wide Web was still in its
infancy. Netscape Communications Corporation, a prominent player in the web browser market
during that era, recognized the limitations of static HTML pages. To address this, Netscape aimed to
empower web developers with a tool that could add dynamic elements to their websites. This led to
the creation of JavaScript by Brendan Eich, a Netscape engineer.

In 1995, Netscape Navigator 2.0, the second major version of the Netscape web browser, was
released with JavaScript as a core component. This marked a pivotal moment in web development
as it introduced a scripting language that could be executed on the client-side, allowing for real-time
manipulation of web page content. The introduction of JavaScript brought about a paradigm shift,
enabling developers to create more engaging and interactive user interfaces.

However, as JavaScript gained popularity, browser compatibility issues arose. Different

browsers implemented JavaScript in their own ways, leading to inconsistencies and challenges for
developers. This prompted the need for standardization, and in November 1996, Netscape submitted
JavaScript to the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) for standardization.
The standardization effort resulted in ECMAScript, with the first edition published in June 1997.
ECMAScript serves as the formal specification for the scripting language, while the term JavaScript
is often used colloquially to refer to implementations that adhere to the ECMAScript standard.

With the release of ECMAScript, other browsers, such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer, also started
supporting JavaScript. This convergence towards a standardized specification laid the foundation for
the widespread adoption of JavaScript as a universal scripting language for the web.

13
As the new millennium dawned, web development became more sophisticated, and the demand for
dynamic and interactive web applications surged. JavaScript evolved to meet these demands, and
frameworks and libraries like jQuery, Dojo, and Prototype emerged to simplify and streamline the
development process. These tools provided pre-built functions and abstractions, making it
easier for developers to create complex applications without starting from scratch.

The mid-2000s saw the rise of AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML), a technique that
allowed web pages to retrieve and send data asynchronously to the server without requiring a full
page reload. This innovation significantly enhanced the user experience by enabling smoother and
more responsive web applications.

In 2009, a major development in the JavaScript landscape occurred with the introduction of Node.js
by Ryan Dahl. Node.js extended JavaScript beyond the browser, allowing developers to use it for
server-side programming. This expansion into server-side development marked JavaScript as a full-
stack language, capable of handling both client-side and server-side tasks. The asynchronous,
event-driven nature of Node.js contributed to its efficiency in handling concurrent connections,
making it especially suitable for building scalable and high- performance applications.

The evolution of JavaScript continued with the advent of modern web development
frameworks and libraries, including Angular, React, and Vue.js. These tools provided efficient ways
to manage complex user interfaces, allowing developers to build interactive, single-page
applications (SPAs) with ease. JavaScript had transitioned from being a language primarily
associated with enhancing static web pages to a powerful and versatile tool for building complex,
dynamic applications.

In recent years, JavaScript has solidified its position as one of the most widely used
programming languages. It is supported by all major browsers and has a vast and active developer
community. The ECMAScript standard continues to evolve, with regular updates introducing new
features and improvements to the language.

In conclusion, JavaScript has come a long way from its humble beginnings as a scripting language
for Netscape Navigator to becoming a ubiquitous and essential part of web development. Its
journey is marked by continuous evolution, adapting to the changing landscape of technology
and user expectations. As we delve deeper into the 21st century, JavaScript remains a pivotal force
in shaping the future of web development and digital experiences.

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1.Evolution of JavaScript
The evaluation of JavaScript involves considering its strengths, weaknesses, use cases, and
overall impact on web development. JavaScript has become a fundamental programming
language in the realm of web development, and its versatility has allowed it to extend beyond the
client-side to server-side development with the advent of platforms like Node.js. Below is an
evaluation of JavaScript based on various criteria:

1.Strengths:

1.Versatility: JavaScript is a versatile language that runs on the client side in web browsers and
the server side with the help of platforms like Node.js. This versatility allows developers to use a
single language throughout the entire web application stack.

2.Wide Adoption: JavaScript is supported by all major browsers, making it a de facto standard
for client-side scripting. Its widespread adoption has resulted in a large and active community,
fostering the creation of numerous libraries, frameworks, and tools.

3.Asynchronous Programming: JavaScript's asynchronous programming model,

facilitated by features like callbacks, promises, and async/await, enables the development of
responsive and efficient applications. Asynchronous operations are crucial for handling tasks such
as fetching data from servers without blocking the user interface.

4.Rich Ecosystem: The JavaScript ecosystem is rich and diverse, with a plethora of libraries
and frameworks that cater to various needs. Popular libraries like React, Angular, and Vue.js
facilitate the development of sophisticated user interfaces, while Node.js provides a robust
platform for server-side development.

5.Community Support: The large and active JavaScript community contributes to the
language's growth and improvement. Developers can find extensive documentation, tutorials, and
community forums, making it easier to troubleshoot issues and stay updated on best practices.

7.2.2 Weaknesses:

6.Browser Compatibility: Although significant strides have been made in standardizing

JavaScript through ECMAScript, differences in how browsers implement certain features can still
lead to compatibility issues. Developers often need to account for these variations when writing
cross-browser code.

7.Security Concerns: As a client-side language, JavaScript is susceptible to security

vulnerabilities, such as cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks. Developers need to implement security
best practices, such as input validation and output encoding, to mitigate these risks.

15
1.Single-threaded Nature: JavaScript is inherently single-threaded, meaning it processes
one task at a time. While asynchronous programming can mitigate this limitation,
computationally intensive tasks may still impact performance. Web Workers can be used to
introduce parallelism but come with additional complexity.

2.Callback Hell (Pyramid of Doom): In complex asynchronous code, developers may

encounter callback hell, where nested callbacks create a pyramid-shaped structure that can be
challenging to read and maintain. Promises and async/await have alleviated this issue to some
extent, but it still requires careful coding practices.

7.2.3 Use Cases:

3.Web Development: JavaScript is a cornerstone of web development, enabling the

creation of interactive and dynamic user interfaces. It is used for handling events, manipulating
the DOM (Document Object Model), and making asynchronous requests.

4.Server-Side Development: With the rise of Node.js, JavaScript has become a

prominent language for server-side development. It allows developers to use a consistent
language across the entire stack, fostering code reuse and simplifying the development process.

5.Mobile App Development: JavaScript, in conjunction with frameworks like React

Native and frameworks like Ionic, allows developers to build cross-platform mobile applications.
This approach can save time and resources compared to developing separate native apps for
different platforms.

6.Desktop Applications: JavaScript can be employed for desktop application

development using frameworks like Electron, which enables the creation of cross-platform
applications using web technologies.

7.2.4 Overall Impact:

JavaScript has had a transformative impact on web development, ushering in an era of dynamic
and interactive websites. Its continuous evolution, coupled with the support of a vibrant
community, has made it a go-to language for a wide range of applications. The rise of Node.js
has extended its reach to server-side development, further solidifying its role in modern software
engineering.

In conclusion, JavaScript's strengths in versatility, wide adoption, asynchronous programming, a

rich ecosystem, and strong community support outweigh its weaknesses. However,
developers need to be mindful of browser compatibility issues, security concerns, and the
language's single-threaded nature. As technology advances, JavaScript is likely to remain a
pivotal language, shaping the future of web and application development.

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 Chapter 8
RESPONSIVE WEB DESIGN USING BOOTSTRAP

Responsive Web Design:

Responsive web design is a critical approach to web development that ensures optimal user
experience across various devices and screen sizes. With the proliferation of smartphones, tablets,
and an array of other devices, creating websites that adapt seamlessly to different
screen resolutions and orientations has become essential. Responsive design aims to provide a
consistent and engaging user experience by adjusting the layout, content, and functionality based
on the device being used.

One of the most widely used tools for implementing responsive design is Bootstrap. Bootstrap is an
open-source front-end framework developed by Twitter, and it has gained immense popularity due
to its ease of use, extensive documentation, and robust set of pre-designed components. In this
discussion, we will explore the principles of responsive design and delve into how Bootstrap
simplifies and accelerates the process of creating responsive web applications.

8.1 Principles of Responsive Design:

1.Fluid Grid Layout: Traditional web layouts were often designed with fixed pixel values,
which worked well on desktop monitors but struggled to adapt to smaller screens. Responsive
design introduces the concept of a fluid grid layout. Instead of using fixed units like pixels,
percentages are employed to define the width of elements, allowing them to scale
proportionally with the screen size.

2.Flexible Images: Images can pose a challenge in responsive design. To ensure images
resize appropriately, the max-width: 100%; CSS property is commonly applied, preventing
images from exceeding the width of their containing elements. This ensures that images scale
down proportionally on smaller screens while maintaining their aspect ratio.

3.Media Queries: Media queries are a crucial component of responsive design, enabling
developers to apply specific styles based on the characteristics of the device, such as screen
width, height, or orientation. By defining breakpoints in the CSS code, developers can create
customized layouts and adapt the design to different device sizes.

4.Viewport Meta Tag: The viewport meta tag is essential for controlling the initial scale
and dimensions of a webpage on mobile devices. By setting the viewport to the device's width
and specifying the initial scale, developers ensure that the content is displayed properly and that
users can zoom in as needed.

17
5. Mobile-First Approach: Adopting a mobile-first approach in responsive design
involves designing the mobile version of a website first and then progressively enhancing the
layout for larger screens. This approach ensures a solid foundation for smaller screens and prevents
the need for drastic redesigns as the screen size increases

8.2 Introduction to Bootstrap:

Bootstrap, originally developed by Twitter engineers Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton, is a front- end
framework that streamlines the process of building responsive and visually appealing web
applications. Released as an open-source project in 2011, Bootstrap quickly gained popularity
for its ease of use, extensive documentation, and a collection of pre-built components and styles.

The key features of Bootstrap include:

1.Grid System: Bootstrap employs a 12-column grid system, which simplifies the creation
of responsive layouts. Developers can define the layout for different screen sizes by specifying
the number of columns a particular element should occupy. The grid system is flexible and
adapts to various screen resolutions.

2.Responsive Utilities: Bootstrap provides a set of responsive utility classes that can be
applied to elements to control their visibility or behavior based on the screen size. For example,
classes like d-none and d-md-block can be used to hide or display elements on specific devices
or screen sizes.

3.Pre-designed Components: Bootstrap comes with a comprehensive set of pre-

designed components such as navigation bars, buttons, forms, modals, and more. These
components follow a consistent design language, making it easy to create visually cohesive
interfaces.

4.JavaScript Plugins: Bootstrap includes JavaScript plugins that enhance the functionality
and interactivity of a webpage. These plugins cover features like carousels, modals, tooltips, and
more. By incorporating these plugins, developers can add advanced functionality without having
to write extensive custom code.

5.Theming and Customization: Bootstrap allows for easy theming and

customization. Developers can leverage the default Bootstrap styles or create their own by
customizing variables like colors, fonts, and spacing. This flexibility enables the creation of
unique and branded designs while still benefiting from Bootstrap's structure and components.

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 Chapter 9
TOOLS USED
Introduction to Visual Studio Code (VS Code):

Visual Studio Code (VS Code) is a free and open-source source code editor developed by
Microsoft. It is designed to be highly customizable, lightweight, and versatile, with built- in
support for a wide range of programming languages and frameworks. VS Code is available on
Windows, Linux, and macOS, and is widely used by developers across different industries and
domains.

One of the key features of VS Code is its extensive set of extensions and plugins, which allow
developers to customize their workflow and integrate with different tools and services. VS
Code also includes built-in support for source control, debugging, testing, and other essential
features of amodern code editor.

In addition to its powerful features, VS Code is highly customizable, with a simple and
intuitiveuser interface that can be adapted to different preferences and needs. It includes a
range of themes, icons, and fonts, and can be extended with custom key bindings, snippets,
and configuration settings.

Overall, Visual Studio Code is a versatile and highly customizable code editor that provides a
powerful and efficient development environment for a wide range of programming
languages and frameworks. Its popularity and wide adoption have made it a popular choice
among developers andteams of all sizes, from startups to large enterprises.

VISUAL STUDIO CODE PLATFORM

Visual Studio Code (VS Code) is a cross-platform source code editor developed by Microsoft.
Itis available on multiple platforms including:

1.Windows: VS Code can be installed from Window 7 or later version , including Window
10 and Window 11.

2.macOS: VS Code can be installed on macOS10.10 or later version.

3.Linux: VS Code can be installed on popular Linux distribution such as ubuntu, Debian etc.

The availability of Visual Studio Code on multiple platforms makes it a popular choice among
developers who use different operating systems and prefer a consistent development
environment across all platforms. The code editor also supports various programming
languages and frameworks, making it a versatile tool for developers who work on different
types of projects.

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VISUAL STUDIO CODE INTERGRATED MODULE

Visual Studio Code (VS Code) is a highly customizable source code editor with a wide
range of integrated modules that can be extended using plugins and extensions. Some
of the most commonintegrated modules in VS Code include:

1.Editor: The editor module is the core of VS Code and provides basic editing
functionalitysuch as syntax highlighting, code completion, and code folding.

2.Integrated Terminal: VS Code includes a built-in terminal module that allows

developers to run commands directly within the editor, without the need for a
separate terminal application.
3.Debugger: The debugger module in VS Code allows developers to debug their code
using breakpoints, watch expressions, and other debugging tools. It supports
multiple programming languages and frameworks, including JavaScript, Python, and
PHP.
4.Source Control: VS Code includes built-in support for source control management
using Git and other popular version control systems. It provides a range of features
for managing code repositories, including branch management, commit history, and
merge conflict resolution.

5.Live Server: The Live Server module allows developers to preview their web
applicationsin real-time as they make changes to the code. It supports HTML, CSS,
and JavaScript filesand automatically updates the browser window as changes are
made.

6.Extensions: VS Code includes a vast library of extensions and plugins that

developers canuse to customize their development environment and extend the
functionality of the editor.These extensions range from code snippets and formatting
tools to language- specific support and development frameworks.

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 Chapter 10
PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Project Title: Food & Recipe Website:

Overview:
The Food & Recipe Website is a comprehensive showcase designed to emulate the web
presence of a Recipies and different foods. This project aims to utilize a combination of HTML, CSS,
JavaScript, and Bootstrap to create a visually appealing and responsive website that effectively
communicates essential information about the Recipe.

Key Features:

1.Homepage:
1. Welcoming landing page introducing the Food & Recipe
2. Prominent navigation elements for easy access to different sections.
3. A visually appealing banner featuring a high-quality image or slideshow of popular dishes,
along with a catchy tagline and a call-to-action (e.g., “Explore Recipes”).

2.About Us:
1. Team Profiles: Introductions to the creators or chefs involved, including their backgrounds and
expertise.
2. Mission Statement: A brief description of the website’s purpose and the team behind it.

3.Recipe pages:
1. Ingredients List: A clear, organized list of all ingredients needed for the recipe.
2. Step-by-Step Instructions: Detailed cooking instructions, often with images or videos for each
step.
3. User Reviews & Ratings: Section where users can leave feedback, rate the recipe, and share
their experiences

4.Review & Rating Section:

1.Star Rating System: Allows users to rate recipes from 1 to 5 stars.
2.Comment Section: Users can leave comments or tips based on their cooking experience.
3.Sorting Options: Ability to sort reviews by newest, highest rating, or most helpful.

5.Blog Section:
1.Articles and Tips: Features posts about cooking tips, food trends, or nutrition advice.
2.Search Functionality: Allows users to search for specific topics or keywords within the blog.

21
 1.Footer:
2.Contact Information: Links to customer service, email addresses, and social media profiles.
3.Newsletter Signup: An option for users to subscribe to updates, recipes, and tips via email.
4.Privacy Policy and Terms of Use: Links to legal information regarding user data and website
usage.

5.Community Forum:
1. Discussion Threads: A space for users to share tips, ask questions, and discuss various food-
related topics.
2. Recipe Sharing: Users can post their own recipes and get feedback from the community.

Conclusion:
Designing a food website involves several key frontend technologies to ensure an engaging user
experience and functionality .Here’s a breakdown of commonly used technologies:
HTML5,
CSS3,
JAVASCRIPT,
BOOTSTRAP(Frontend Frameworks),
Responsive Design,
Image Optimization Tools
SEO Best Practices
These technologies work together to create a visually appealing, functional, and user-friendly food
website
These sections combine to create a comprehensive and user-friendly food website that encourages
engagement, exploration, and community interaction.

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Chapter 11
PROJECT
SNAPSHOT

23
24
25
Chapter
12
SOURCE
CODE

26
27
 Chapter 13
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the Food Website stands as a testament to the effective integration of HTML, CSS,
JavaScript, and Bootstrap in creating a sophisticated and user-friendly online platform. The
combination of these technologies not only provides a seamless and visually appealing experience
but also ensures that the website is accessible across various devices.

The design of a food website is crucial for creating an engaging and user-friendly experience that
encourages exploration and interaction. By incorporating a structured layout with clearly defined
sections, the website effectively meets the needs of its users.

The home page serves as an inviting entry point, showcasing featured recipes and categories that
draw visitors in. Detailed recipe pages provide comprehensive information, including ingredients,
step-by-step instructions, and nutritional data, ensuring users have all they need to successfully
recreate dishes. The review and rating system adds an interactive element, allowing users to share
their experiences and tips, which fosters community engagement.

Additionally, the blog section offers valuable culinary insights and trends, keeping content fresh and
encouraging repeat visits. User profiles enhance personalization, enabling individuals to save their
favorite recipes and track their cooking journey. The footer provides essential links and information,
ensuring easy access to contact details, privacy policies, and newsletter subscriptions.

Overall, the thoughtful integration of these features not only enhances usability but also cultivates a
vibrant community of food enthusiasts. This design approach ultimately supports the website’s
mission to inspire and educate users in their culinary endeavors, making it a valuable resource for all
levels of cooks.

The food website design focuses on user engagement and ease of navigation, featuring a visually
appealing home page, detailed recipe pages, and an interactive review section. With additional
elements like a blog and user profiles, it fosters a vibrant community of food enthusiasts, enhancing
the overall user experience.

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 Chapter
14
REFERENCE
S

• W3Schools
• Wikipedia
• Chat GPT
• Stack Overflow

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