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New Cell Transport 14

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16 views35 pages

New Cell Transport 14

Uploaded by

Ellie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Cell Membrane

Homeostasis & Cellular Transport


Function of the Cell Membrane:
• Cell membrane separates the components of a cell
from its environment—surrounds the cell
• “Gatekeeper” of the cell—regulates the flow of
materials into and out of cell—selectively permeable
• Cell membrane helps cells maintain homeostasis—
stable internal balance
Cell Membrane aka “The Phospholipid Bilayer”
• ALL cells have a cell membrane made of Phosphate,
proteins, and lipids
•That’s why it’s called the Phospholipid Bilayer

protein channel

Layer 1
Cell Membrane
Layer 2

lipid bilayer protein pump

All Cells have a cell (plasma membrane):

• Prokaryotes (have a cell wall + cell membrane)


• Eukaryotes:
• a) Animal Cells ( cell membrane only)
• b) Plant cells (cell membrane + cell wall)
The Cell Membrane & Homeostasis
• The cell membrane is
responsible for maintaining
homeostasis (home-E-O-Stay-
sis) within the cell
• Homeostasis is a stable,
internal environment
• The cell membrane maintains
homeostasis through
balancing the pH,
temperature, glucose (sugar
intake), water balance
• It does this through active and
In homeostasis, everything is PERFECT
passive transport
Passive Transport
A process that does not require energy to move
molecules from a HIGH to LOW concentration

 Diffusion

 Facilitated Diffusion (uses proteins to push


particles across)

 Osmosis
• Diffusion is the movement of small particles across the
cell membrane like the cell membrane until homeostasis
is reached.
• Facilitated diffusion requires the help of carrier and
channel proteins
These particles move from an area of high concentration
to an area of low concentration.

outside of cell

inside of cell
• Osmosis is the movement of water through a selectively
permeable membrane like the cell membrane

Water moves across the cell membrane from an area of


high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Semi-permeable
membrane is
permeable to water,
but not to sugar
Osmosis Concentration
• Hypertonic: the water or solution OUTSIDE of
the cell is saltier than the INSIDE of the cell.
• Hyper = “more” ore “above”
• This will cause it to shrivel, and shrink
• Ex. Pouring salt on a slug will cause it to shrink
Osmosis Concentration
• Hypotonic: the water or solution OUTSIDE of
the cell
• Hypo means “less than” or “below”
• A hypotonic solution will cause the cell to take
in water, and swell
Osmosis Concentration
• Isotonic: the water outside of the cell has an
EQUAL amount of salt as the water INSIDE of
the cell.
• Iso means “equal”
• Will cause NO CHANGE in cell size
Examiner Tip
Students can Find osmosis confusing, so remember the
following:
Osmosis always refers to the movement of water
Osmosis always occurs across a partially permeable membrane
When describing osmosis you must make it clear what type of
concentration you are referring to, i.e. osmosis occurs due to
differences in water concentration, not differences in solute
concentration
Types of Active Transport
• Active transport uses ENERGY (ATP)
• EXOcytosis = how materials EXIT the cell (how the
cell uses the bathroom)
• ENDOcytosis = how materials ENTER the cell (cell
eating/engulfing)
• PINOcytosis= how small liquid materials ENTER the
cell (cell eating/engulfing)
• PHAGOcytosis = how larger solid materials ENTER
the cell (cell eating/engulfing)
Active Transport
Active transport is the movement of molecules from LOW to HIGH
concentration.
Energy is required as molecules must be pumped against the
concentration gradient.
Proteins that work as pumps are called protein pumps.
Ex: Body cells must pump carbon dioxide out into the surrounding
blood vessels to be carried to the lungs for exhale. Blood vessels are
high in carbon dioxide compared to the cells, so energy is required
to move the carbon dioxide across the cell membrane from LOW to
HIGH concentration.
outside of cell Carbon Dioxide
molecules

inside of cell
ANALOGY: Passive Transport vs. Active Transport

Active Transport: like going


UPHILL

ENERGY NEEDED:
Active Transport

NO ENERGY NEEDED:
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion

Passive Transport: Like


going DOWNHILL
Factors that Influence Diffusion
1.Surface area to volume ratio
• The bigger a cell or structure is, the smaller its surface area to
volume ratio is, slowing down the rate at which substances can move
across its surface
• Many cells which are adapted for diffusion have increased surface
area in some way - e.g. root hair cells in plants (which absorb water
and mineral ions) and cells lining the ileum in animals (which absorb
the products of digestion)
You should be able to calculate and compare surface area to volume ratios
You can model the effect of how increasing size affects surface area to volume ratio using
simple cubes:
• A red blood cell has a volume of 100 µm3 and
a surface area of 150 µm2. What is its surface
area to volume ratio?
• 1.5 (150 ÷ 100 = 1.5; note that surface area to
volume ratios are shown without units)
2.Diffusion distance
• The smaller the distance molecules have to travel
the faster transport will occur
• This is why blood capillaries and alveoli have walls
which are only one cell thick, ensure the rate of
• diffusion across them is as fast as possible
3.Temperature
• The higher the temperature, the faster molecules
move as they have more energy
• This results in more collisions against the cell
membrane and therefore a faster rate of movement
• across them
4.Concentration gradient
• The greater the difference in concentration on
either side of the membrane, the faster
movement across it will occur
• This is because on the side with the higher
concentration, more random collisions against
the membrane will occur
1 The table shows the concentrations of salt
solution in different regions of a beaker. There
are no membranes in the beaker.
Region Concentration of salt (g/dm3)
• P 0.10
• Q 2.00
• R 2.01
• S 4.56
• T 0.25
a Explain between which two concentrations
the rate of diffusion will be fastest.
1 a
• P and S
• because there is the greatest difference in
concentration
Complete the table to show how lung features allow fast diffusion. Put one tick (✓) in each row.

Feature Reason
to give large to maintain to decrease distance
surface area concentration gradient for diffusion

breathing moves air in and


out
millions of alveoli
walls are one cell thick
good blood supply
Feature Reason
to give large to maintain to decrease distance
surface area concentration gradient for diffusion

breathing moves air in and 


out
millions of alveoli 
walls are one cell thick 
good blood supply 

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