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 We have discussed the definition of AI.

Which represent two school of thoughts.
 Measurement of Intelligence.
 Psychology says about EQ and IQ.
 Turing Test.
 Multi dispensary.

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 We Will Discuss About Symbolic Reasoning.
 Another Definition of AI

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 AI is the branch of computer that is
concerned by making artificial intelligent
machines.
 Precise Definition.
 Theoretical branch

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 Introspection
That trying to catch out own thoughts as they
go by
 Psychological Experiments

That concern with the study of science of

mental life

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 The ability to read?
 Ability to acquire knowledge?
 Ability to learn and perceive?
 Single faculty or multiple faculty?
 Is it feed in human?
 Can it enhance?
 Can it be inferred from behaviour?

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 We want to make computer useful.
 The perspective of computer science to

learn artificial intelligence to make artificial

intelligent computer.
 Psychology purpose to understand how to

create intelligence.
 Philosophy also thinks like psychology.
 Linguistic think that how to control our

language

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 Precise things.
 Impact of knowledge on other things.
 Research on animals.
 Extract depends upon automation.

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 Making computer intelligent as opposed to
making intelligent computers.
 Strong and Weak AI.
 Robotics.

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 Algorithm Solution.
 Ambiguous
 Inexact Reasoning
 Not perfect Solutions.


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 Quite Old.
 1940
 1943 Neurons by Warren and McCulloch

and Walter Pitts.

There Work was based on three Sources.
 The basic physiology and function of

neurons in the human brain

 The prepositional logic
 The Turing’s theory of computation

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 Donald Hebb (1949) demonstrated a simple
updating rile for the modifying the
connection strengths between neurons,
such that learning could take place.

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 In 1956 some of the U.S researchers got
together and organized a two-month
workshop at Dartmouth.
 There were altogether only 10 attendees.
 Allen Newell and Herbert Simon actually

dominated the workshop.

 Newell and Herbert already had a reasoning

program, the Logic Theorist.

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 The most lasting and memorable thing
that came out of that workshop was an
agreement to adopt the new name for the
field: Artificial Intelligence. So this was
when the term was actually coined.

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 In 1958 In MIT AI Lab, McCarthy defined the
high-level language Lisp that became the
dominant AI programming language in the
proceeding years.
 Also in 1958 he published a paper titled

Programs with Common Sense, in which

he mentioned Advice Taker a hypothetical
that can be seen as the first complete AI
system.

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 Marvin Minsky (1963), a researcher at MIT
supervised a number of students who chose
limited problems that appeared to require
intelligence to solve. These limited domains
became known as Microworlds.

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Statement:
If Ali is 2 years younger than Umar and Umar
is 23 years old. How old is Ali?

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 Ali is 21 Years.

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 In the beginning the AI researchers very confidently
predicted their up coming successes. Herbert Simon in 1957
said:
 It is not my aim to surprise of shock you --
but the simplest way I can summarize is to
say that there are now in the world
machines that think, that learn and that
create. Moreover, their ability to do these
things is going to increase rapidly until --
in a visible future – the range of problems
they can handle will be coextensive with
the range to which human mind has
been applied

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 Even after realizing the basic hurdles and
problems in the way of achieving success in
this field, the researchers went on exploring
grounds and techniques. The first successful
commercial expert system, R1, began
operation at Digital Equipment Corporation
(McDermott, 1982).

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 In 1981, the Japanese announced the “Fifth
Generation” project, a 10-year plan to build
intelligent computers running Prolog in
much the same way that ordinary
computers run the machine code. The
project proposed to achieve full-scale
natural language understanding along with
many other ambitious goals. However, by
this time people began to invest in this field
and many AI projects got commercially
funded and accepted.

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 Although computer science had rejected this
concept of neural networks after Minsky and
Papert’s Perceptrons book, but in 1980s at least
four different groups reinvented the back
propagation learning algorithm which was first
found in 1969 by Bryson and Ho. The algorithm
was applied to many learning problem in
computer science and the wide spread
dissemination of the results in the collection
Parallel Distributed Processing (Rumelhart and
McClelland, 1986) caused great excitement.

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 Paradigm Shift, Expert Systems, People
Paradigm Shift, GPS, People realized that all the realized that software programs can act as
problems can NOT be solved with the same EXPERTS
approach

The name
“Artificial Development of
First work in AI Microworlds
Intelligence” Lisp
1943 1963
coined 1958
1956

Paradigm Shift, ANN, People realized that

software programs can LEARN

Neural Networks AI becomes an Realization of

AI a booming
reinvented Industry hurdles
Industry TODAY
1986 1981

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 Advanced
Introduction Expert Systems Topics

Problem
Solving Uncertainty Conclusion

Genetic
Algorithms Learning

Knowledge
Representation Planning
& Reasoning

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 Intelligence can be understood as a trait of some living species
 Many factors and behaviors contribute to intelligence
 Intelligent machines can be created
 To create intelligent machines we first need to understand how the real
 brain functions
 Artificial intelligence deals with making machines think and act like
 humans
 It is difficult to give one precise definition of AI
 History of AI is marked by many interesting happenings through which the
 field gradually evolved
 In the early years people made optimistic claims about AI but soon they
 realized that it’s not all that smooth
 AI is employed in various different fields like gaming, business, law,
 medicine, engineering, robotics, computer vision and many other fields
 This book will guide you through basic concepts and some core algorithms
 that form the fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence
 AI has enormous room for research and posses a diverse future

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