UNIT ORGANIZATION OF FILE

• Basics of Files and Folders

• A file is a collection of data stored in one unit, identified by a
filename
• A folder, also called a directory, is a container which is used to
store related files together.
• A folder can also contain another folder inside.
• A folder contained in another folder is called a subfolder.
• The difference between a file and a folder
• a file is a collection or group of interrelated data and
information where as a folder is a container used to store
different files and subfolders. We can have different types of
Files such as text, video, document and image and each has
different extensions to identify their types but folders do not
have extensions
 Importance of Folders
• Folders help to keep related files organized together
• .This helps to locate files easily
• Folders allow you to have more than one file with the
same file name.
• Managing Files and Folders
In Windows operating system, the primary way of
interacting with files and folders is through the File
Explorer application.
File Explorer enables you to create, view, rename, delete
and search files and folders in computer.
 File Explorer Parts and Their Descriptions
• Navigation pane allows you to view and access your computer’s
file and folder structure.
• Forward and Back buttons Enables you to go to folders you have
previously opened.
• Ribbon Enables you to perform layout, formatting and sharing
tasks. It also enables you to change your files’ and folders’ displays.
• Address bar Enables you to go to a different folder in the same
Explorer window
• Column headings You can choose which columns you want to
display by adding a column heading or removing a column
heading, as well as changing the order in which those columns are
displayed.
• Search box Allows you to search for subfolders,
documents, images, programs, web pages and
bookmarks in the current folder.
• File and folder listing Shows you the files and folders in
the current folder (the folder you selected in the
Navigation pane
• Preview/Details pane Enables you to quickly preview an
item, such as a photo, without having to open that item.
• Status bar Displays information about a selected folder
 Creating New

• A file is created using a computer software program

File
• For example, to create a plain text file you can use a
text editor such as Notepad or Notepad++.
• You can use word processing software such as
WordPad, Microsoft Word and LibreOffice Writer to
create a text document file.
• An image file can be created using image editing
software such as Microsoft Paint, Paint 3D, Gimp
and Adobe Photoshop
• The easiest way to create a text file in Windows is to open
up the Notepad application software program on your
computer.
• The Notepad is a text editor included with Microsoft
Window
• A text file is considered as a plaintext file and Notepad is
capable of creating and editing plaintext files.
• Notepad saves any text file with .txt file extension, which
means no special formatting or font
• To create presentation files, there are different application
software such as Microsoft PowerPoint and LibreOffice.
 Copying a File
• Copying a file is used to put the file in a duplicated manner
• A file name must be unique; otherwise, a number will be
appended to the end of a file name.
• Renaming File and Folder You must have right or
permissions to a file, a folder or a directory to rename it. In
some cases, you may need administrator privileges in the
operating system to rename
• Methods of Accessing Files and Folders
• Using the Address bar
• Forward and Backward buttons ƒ From the
Folders/Navigation pane ƒ Using the Search function
 Methods of Moving Files and Folders on
Computer
• When moving files or folders, only one copy of
the files is moved.
• Cut and paste
• ƒ Drag-and-drop ƒ
• Use the “Move to Folder” command
• Methods of Deleting File and Folder
 Computer Drives
• Drive is a hardware component of a computer which stores files
and folders. Drive can be fixed and removable. Fixed drives are
found within a computer while removable drives are portable
and
• In window operating system, a drive is often referred to by its
letter like C:, D: or F
• However, Linux operating system uses tree structure starting
from root represented by forward slash
• A computer drive can be a hard disk drive, CD/DVD drive,
removable disk (USB) flash drive, etc. These are called
secondary storage devices plugged externally used to backup.
• A hard disk drive (hard disk or fixed disk) is usually designated
as the “C: drive”.
The following figure shows examples of
common computer drives
• A driver is software code that enables one or
more hardware devices to communicate with
the computer’s operating system. Without
drivers, a computer could not send and
receive data correctly to hardware devices
such as printer and flash driv
 UNIT TWO COMPUTER NETWORK
• A netwok is a connection of two or more computers that are
linked together in order to share resources(such as printers,
files and disks) or allow electronic communications.
• Internet is called the largest global network.
• Fundamental Elements of Network
• Hardware The backbone of any network is the hardware that
runs it
• network software helps to manage connected end devices
and services the network provides.
• protocols are set of rules to facilitate electronic
communication across connected device
• connection medium. Can be wired or wireless, caries
message between end devices.
 Intermediary devices
• Intermediary devices interconnect end devices. such as
network cards, routers or network switches, wireless
access point (WAP) and repeaters.
• Without these hardware devices, end devices have no
means of accessing a network.
• Network Interface Card (NIC) is a computer hardware
component that connects a computer to a computer
network
• Repeater enables a network segment to extend the
coverage to reach beyond its inherent distance limitation
by refreshing or generating the weak network signal.
• A switch is a device that interconnects various devices such as
computers, printers and servers in a small business network
• Switch is more intelligent device than hub as it can segment a
computer network into smaller parts.
• A hub is unintelligent device which broadcasts all received
packets to all computers connected to it except the sender.
• A router is such an intelligent device which operates in
determination of pathways for electronic messages in
networks.
• A router, as its name suggests, works with routing or finding a
route through a network. That is, it is a router of a network.
• The main objective of router is to connect dissimilar and
different networks simultaneously
 Communication Protocol
• Internet Protocol (IP) is one of the important
communication protocols and used for
addressing network devices and forwarding
data from one network to another.
• Connection Media
The connection media are the media which are
used to carry the message from sender to
receiver.
We have two types of communication medium:
• Wired medium: It is also called guided medium. It is a cable that
connects end devices.
• Copper and fiber optic cables are examples of wired medium.
• The most common copper cable used in networks today is
unshielded twisted-pair cable (UTP), which uses electric signal to
transmit message for a maximum distance of 100 meters.
• Fiber optic cable uses light to transmit signal at faster speed and
longer distance than copper cable.
• Wireless Medium: It is also referred to as unguided media or
unbounded transmission media. It is used to communicate
information through the air, water or vacuum, e.g. radio Waves,
micro waves, infrared waves and satellite communications.