Scribd
Upload
9 views

EL 100 Chapter 6 and 7

Uploaded by

hernanjamescauton
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views

EL 100 Chapter 6 and 7

Uploaded by

hernanjamescauton
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 58

S EM A N T I C S

CHAPTER 6
LANGUAGE IS DIVIDED INTO 3
COMPONENTS:

•SOUND;
•FORM; AND
•MEANING.
LESSON 1: OVERVIEW OF
SEMANTICS
•SEMANTICS – CONCEPTUAL MEANING
2 SUBFIELDS:
a.LEXICAL SEMANTICS – INDIVIDUAL WORD
MEANINGS
b.COMPOSITIONAL SEMANTICS – MEANING OF
PHRASES OR SENTENCES
•PRAGMATICS – CONTEXTUAL MEANING
REFERENCE AND SENSE
•REFERENCE – WORD AND OBJECT OR IDEA IT
REPRESENTS; REAL WORLD PHYSICAL
REPRESENTATION.
•SENSE – DO NOT HAVE CONCRETE REFERENTS
BUT ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THEIR MEANING.
EXAMPLE: WHEN I WAS A KID, THE APPEARANCE
OF A RAINBOW PUZZLED ME.
CONCEPTUAL/COGNITIVE/DENOTATIVE
MEANING

•THE LITERAL MEANING OF A WORD


WHICH IS ITS PRIMARY MEANING.
•NEUTRAL AND OBJECTIVE.
ASSOCIATIVE/CONNOTATIVE MEANING

•MEANING THAT COMES IN YOUR MIND


UPON HEARING THE WORD.
•UNSTABLE BECAUSE WORD MEANING
IS INFLUENCED BY CULTURE,
HISTORICAL PERIOD AND EXPERIENCE.
SOCIAL/STYLISTICS MEANING
•THEMEANING CONVEYED BY A WORD IS
DEPENDENT ON VARIOUS SOCIAL FACTORS
OR CONTEXT OF ITS USE.
EXAMPLE: DIALECT VARIATIONS AND
FORMALITY OF LANGUAGE
AFFECTIVE/EMOTIVE
MEANING
•PERSONAL FEELINGS OR
EMOTIONS OF THE SPEAKER.
EXAMPLE: INTONATION, TONE OF
VOICE, AND VOICE QUALITY.
REFLECTED MEANING

•WHEN A WORD OR PHRASE IS


ASSOCIATED WITH MORE THAN
ONE CONCEPTUAL MEANING.
COLLOCATIVE MEANING

•WORDS THAT ALWAYS GO TOGETHER


OR CO-OCCUR FREQUENTLY.
EXAMPLE: BEAUTIFUL AND HANDSOME
= GOOD LOOKING
THEMATIC MEANING
•WHAT IS COMMUNICATED BY THE WAY A WRITER
OR SPEAKER ORGANIZES THE MESSAGE IN
TERMS OF ORDER, FOCUS AND EMPHASIS.
LESSON 2: SEMANTIC FEATURE AND
ROLES
SEMANTIC FEATURES
•ANALYZING LEXICAL ITEMS SUCH AS
GENDER, COUNT, OR NUMBER, PERSON,
AGENCY, POSSESSION CUES, AND MANY
OTHERS.
SEMANTIC ROLES
•ALSO KNOWN AS THEMATIC RELATIONS,
PERTAINING TO THE ‘ROLES’ WORDS,
ESPECIALLY NOUNS AND PRONOUNS,
FULFILL WITHIN THE SITUATION
DESCRIBED IN A PARTICULAR SENTENCE.
LESSON 3: LEXICAL
RELATIONS
SYNONYMY
•WORDS WITH SIMILAR OR VERY CLOSELY
RELATED MEANINGS.
SMALL – TINY
BIG – HUGE
FAST – QUICK
WEALTHY - RICH
ANTONYMY
•WORDS WITH OPPOSITE MEANINGS.
BIG – SMALL
HAPPY – SAD
LONG – SHORT
RICH - POOR
CONSTRUCTIONS OR USED IN
COMPARISONS
EX: HOT – COLD
•NON-GRADABLE ANTONYMS – NO
CONTINUUM COMPARISON BETWEEN
THEM, DIRECT OPPOSITES
•EX: MALE – FEMALE, DEAD- ALIVE
WE DO NOT SAY “HE IS MORE DEAD AND
LESS ALIVE.”
HYPONYMY
•HEIRARCHICAL RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN WORDS.
RED – COLOR
APPLE – FRUIT
ROSE - FLOWER
PROTOTYPES
•COGNITIVE REFERENCE POINT THAT
BEST REPRESENTS THE MEANING OR
DESCRIPTION OF A WORD CATEGORY.
FURNITURE – CHAIR, A TABLE, ETC.
BIRDS – ROBIN, DOVE
HOMONYMY

•BROAD TERM USED TO DESCRIBE WORDS


THAT ARE HOMOPHONES OR HOMOGRAPHS.
SEA – BODY OF WATER
SEE – TO WATCH
POLYSEMY
•WORDS THAT HAVE RELATED
MEANINGS AND HAVE SAME
SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION.
HEAD – TOP PART OF BODY, TOP OF
DEPARTMENT, TOP OF BEER GLASS.
CAPITONYMS
•SOME WORDS HAVE THE SAME SPELLING BUT
HAVE DIFFERENT MEANINGS WHEN CAPITALIZED.
•POLISH (MAKE SHINY) AND POLISH (FROM
POLAND)
•MAY (MODAL VERB) AND MAY (MONTH)
METONYMY
•USESA TERM TO STAND FOR
ANOTHER WORD, IDEA, OR
CONCEPT.
CROWN – RULERS, TITLES
IDIOMS
•COLLOCATIONS THAT ARE MADE UP OF
WORDS IN A FIXED ORDER AND THEIR
MEANING CANNOT BE TAKEN FROM THE
SUM OF THE INDIVIDUAL WORDS.
MAKE ENDS MEET
RULE OF THUMB
LESSON 4: SEMANTIC
AMBIGUITY
PRAG M AT I C S
CHAPTER 7
LESSON 1: OVERVIEW OF
PRAGMATICS
SPEAKER MEANING VS. SENTENCE
MEANING

•SENTENCE MEANING – LITERAL MEANING


•SPEAKER MEANING – INTENTIONAL
MEANING
THE WIND IS COLD.
CONTEXT
•MEANING DEPENDS ON THE SURROUNDING
OF AN UTTERANCE.
EX: SEE YOU LATER AT THE BANK.
(EXPERIENCE OF WITHDRAWING AND
DEPOSITING MONEY)
DEIXIS

•WORDS THAT CAN ONLY BE UNDERSTOOD


OR INTERPRETED IN RELATION TO THE
SITUATION IN WHICH THEY ARE UTTERED.
DID YOU GO THERE YESTERDAY?
PRESUPPOSITIONS
•WHEN WE USE REFERRING
EXPRESSIONS,
WE ASSUME THAT OUR LISTENERS
ALREADY KNOW THEIR REFERENTS OR
UNDERSTOOD WHAT WE MEANT BY THE
EXPRESSION.
HOW LONG HAVE YOU BEEN WITH EACH
OTHER?
(ENGAGED IN A RELATIONSHIP)
IMPLICATURES
•SOMETHING THAT IS SUGGESTED OR IMPLIED IN
AN UTTERANCE.
•IMPLIED OR HIDDEN MEANING.
A: HAVE YOU ALREADY TEXTED THEM?
B: I DON’T HAVE LOAD.
(B HAS NOT YET TEXTED THEM)
LESSON 2: SPEECH ACT
THEORY
END

You might also like