2

Where are the

queues?

3
Computing the expected waiting time Tq

Inventor Inventory
y in service
waiting Ip
Inflo Iq Outflo
w w

Entry Begin Departur

to Servic e
syste e
m Waiting Time Service Time
Tq p
Flow Time
T=Tq+p

6
Utilization

FlowRate 1/ a p
Utilization  u   
Capacity
1/ p
a
Example: Average Activity
time=p=90 seconds Average
Interarrival time=a=300 seconds

Utilization=90/300=0.3=30%

7
 The Waiting Time Formula
Waiting Time Formula for Exponential Arrivals
2 2
 utilizatio   CVa 

Time in queue  Activity Time
p

n  CV 2 
  1 utilizatio n   
Variability factor
Utilization factor
Service time factor

EX: Average Activity time=p=90 seconds; Average Interarrival time=a=300 seconds; CVa=1 and CVp=1.333
Average time in queue  90   0.3  1 2 1.333 2   53.57
 1  0.3 sec


2
Waiting Time Formula above is a restatement of Pollaczek-Khinchin (PK) Formula:

PK Formula: 𝑇𝑞 =𝑎
1 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 2
1
=
1−𝑝/𝑎𝑝/ 1 𝑝 2 +Variance of activity
𝑎
1−𝑝/𝑎 time
𝑝 𝑝2
2 𝑝/𝑎 1+𝐶𝑉 2 𝑢
= 𝑝 1−𝑝 /𝑎 2 𝑝
= 𝑝1−𝑢 19
1+𝐶𝑉
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_YVINmt8_0
(18 mins)
Computing Tq with m Parallel Servers

Inventory in the system I=Iq+ Ip Inventory

in service Ip

Inventory
waiting Iq
Inflo Outflo
w w

Entry to Begin Departur

system Service e
Waiting Time Tq Service Time p

Flow Time T=Tq+p

10
 Utilization with m servers

1/ a p
FlowRate 
Utilization  u Capacity m * (1/ p) a m


Example:Average Activity time=p=90 seconds

Average Interarrival time=a=11.39 secs
over 8-8:15
m=10 servers

Utilization=90/(10x11.39)=0.79=79%

11
Waiting Time Formula for Parallel Resources

Approximate Waiting Time Formula for Multiple (m) Servers

2(m1)
 CV 2
a 
2

Time in queue  Activity time  utilizatio 
1 p
  CV 
n m  1 utilizatio  2 
   n 

Example: Average Activity

time=p=90 seconds Average
Interarrival time=a=11.39 seconds
m=10 servers
CVa=1 and CVp=1.333
2 (1 01) 1 
Time in queue  90  0.79  12 1.333 2  

 2
 10   1  0.79   24.94sec

T  Tq  p  24.94  90  114.94 sec  1.916 
12
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDLBT3qSfe4
Summary of the formulas
1. Collect the following data:
- n u mb er of servers, m
- activity time, p
- interarrival time, a
- coefficient of variation for interarrival ( CV a ) and processing time (CV p )

p
2. C o m p u te utilization: u=a  m

3. C o m p u t e expected waiting time

2 ( m  1 ) 1   C V a2  C V p2 
 Activity time   utilizatio n
Tq  m  1  u tiliz a tio n   2 
  
 

4. Based o n T q , w e can co mp u t e the remaining performance measures as

F l o w time T = T q + p
Inventory in service I p = m * u
Inventory in the queue=I q =T q /a
Inventory in the system I=I p +I q
14