Definition of Architecture:

It is the art and science of buildings. The

design, construction and supervision of
buildings, It is the masterly, correct and
magnificent play of volumes brought
together in light (our eyes are made to see
forms in light; light reveals these forms;
cubes, cones, spheres, cylinders and
pyramids are the great primary forms.
 Art and science
• Architectural technologists know how
to 'put a building together' and can
use the appropriate software to do so
in the design phase.
• Architects will look at the technical
aspects of the building but also are
focused on the art and the science of
the building.
 Building science
Building science can be defined as a
body of knowledge that draws upon
the disciplines of engineering,
architecture, chemistry, physics,
biology and the life sciences to
understand the physical behavior of a
building as a system.
One of the practical purpose of
building science is
 to provide predictive capability
to optimize the building performance
and sustainability of new and existing
buildings
 understand or prevent building
failures, and
 guide the design of new techniques
and technologies.
 Building Art
Architectural painting (also
Architecture painting) is a form of
field painting where the
predominant focus lies on
architecture, including both
outdoor and interior views.
 Five building blocks of Art
The traditional way of looking at
art, namely the visual arts,
suggests that there are five basic
elements of an artwork – line,
shape, color, texture and space.
texture

Shape

space
What’s The Difference
Between An Architect And
Architectural Technologist
 Architectural technologists know how to ‘put a
building together’ and can use the appropriate
software to do so in the design phase.
 Architects will look at the technical aspects of the
building but also are focused on the art and the
science of the building.
 Architects take into consideration flow, function,
style, building code, bylaws and overall design.
 In addition to doing drawings, architects also
oversee many aspects of the project and
communicate with the engineers and other
members on the project to ensure everything is
going as planned from the initial drawings and
outline.
 You will find the fees for architects are higher as
they have more training, can oversee more of the
overall project and also have mandatory insurance.
 Building designers are not architects. You may be
surprised to learn that there are a variety of
building design professionals in the industry under
a variety of names.
 In the past, the common catchall term for
someone who designed the plans for your home or
building was architect.
 Today, however, only registered, insured and
properly licensed professionals can call themselves
an architect
FUNDAMENTAL ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
PRINCIPLES-
Design principles are those items which
influence, direct or resolve the over all
composition of the design elements-It
remains the responsibility of the architect
to interpret the client needs through the
use of the intended principles;-allowing
for variation and abstraction as required
to suit the intended solution
Styles of Architecture
 Egyptian
 Pre Columbian
 Byzantine
 Islamic
 Gothic
 Cast iron
 Tibetan
 Georgian
 Modern
 Characteristics of Egyptian
Architecture
• Massive structures came to be favoured
from the Old Kingdom on.
• Mud brick was the principal building
material for domestic building.
• Stone was favoured for temples and tombs.
 Characteristics of Egyptian
Architecture
• Features of mud
construction were
often echoed in stone.
• For example, columns
were built to resemble
plants or bunches of
plants.
Characteristics of Egyptian
Architecture.
• Features of mud
construction were
often echoed in stone.

• Corner detailing often

resembled bunches of
reeds used as a binding
material in mud
construction.
 Byzantine architects
Byzantine architects were eclectic, at first
drawing heavily on Roman temple
features. Their combination of the basilica
and symmetrical central-plan (circular or
polygonal) religious structures resulted in
the characteristic Byzantine Greek-cross-
plan church, with a square central mass
and four arms of equal length.
What defines Byzantine architecture?
• Byzantine architecture is a style of
building that flourished under the
rule of Roman Emperor Justinian
between A.D. 527 and 565.
• In addition to extensive use of interior
mosaics, its defining characteristic is a
heightened dome, the result of the
latest sixth-century engineering
techniques
 pre-Columbian architectural style
• Although Christopher Columbus is said to
have “discovered” the Americas, inhabitants
had established societies in North, Central,
and South America and their surrounding
islands over 3,000 years before the arrival of
Europeans.
• This “pre-Columbian” or “Mesoamerican”
architecture includes a variety of fascinating
and sophisticated architectural wonders
created by vastly different groups of people
for a variety of purposes.
 Mesoamerican architects often built their
structures according to alignment with
astronomical and cosmological features. They
were noted for their advanced knowledge and
understanding of astronomy and engineering,
and they incorporated a heavy amount of
symbolism into their city planning and
architectural design. Most buildings, especially
those carved of stone, were decorated with
ornamental iconography depicting animals,
gods, and great kings.
Main palace of Palenque, Mexico

Overview of the central plaza of the

Mayan city of Palenque (Chiapas,
Mexico), an example of Classic period
Mesoamerican Architecture
 Islamic architecture
 Islamic architecture comprises the architectural
styles of buildings associated with Islam. It
encompasses both secular and religious styles
from the early history of Islam to the present day.
The Islamic world encompasses a wide geographic
area historically ranging from western Africa and
Europe to eastern Asia
 The common characteristics of Islamic architecture
include domes, arches, minarets, Marana's
vaulting, and girih tiles. The domes, arches, and tile
work reflect the influences of Christian
architecture. A dome is a rounded vault on the roof
of a building.
What are the four main types of Islamic
architecture?
The principle architectural types of Islamic
architecture are:
1. the Mosque
2. the Tomb
3. the Palace and
4. the Fort.
From these four types, the vocabulary of
Islamic architecture is derived and used for
buildings of lesser importance such as public
baths, fountains and domestic architecture.
 Mesmerizing Arabesque design in
action at the Nasir Al-Mulk
Mosque. (Shiraz, Iran)

Arab and Islamic Architecture: Domes, Arches

and Islimi Design
 Gothic architecture
 Gothic architecture has a set of unique features that
set it apart from all other styles. Most importantly,
there are five characteristics of Gothic architecture that
stand out from other styles.
 Flying Buttresses. ...
 Pointed Arches. ...
 Ribbed Vaults. ...
 Large Stained-glass Windows. ...
 Gargoyles and Ornate Decoration Stone.