Choithram School North Campus

Session – 2021-2022
Science Enrichment Activity

To Teacher – Mrs Priyanka Patodi

From Student – Gunjan Tiwari
CELL
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
Facts about Cell
• Blood vessels contain blood cells and if we lay them end to
end they will cover 1,00,000 kilometres.

• C ells m akes life m ission possible.

• Apoptosis is the suicide bag of the cell.

Blood Vessels Makes Possible Apoptosis

Discovery of the Cell
 Robert Hooke, He observed a piece of cork
under microscope.

 Anton – Van – Leeuwenhoek was the

person who invented the microscope.
Robert Hooke Anton-Van-Leeuwenhoek

 Matthias Jacob Schleiden and Theodor

Schwann were the German botanist and
cofounders of the cell theory.

Matthias Jacob Schleiden Theodor Schwann

Cell Theory
 Cell Theory

 Living organisms are composed of cells and cell products.

 Cell is basic unit of structure and organisation in living

things.

 Cells arise from pre existing cells.

 All cells are similar in their basic structure and function

but are not identical. They differ in size and structure.

 The way an organism functions depends on the way the

cells work.
Diversity In Cells

Cells can be classified into two

types

Cells

Eukaryotic Prokaryotic
Diversity In Cells
 Eukaryotic means true nucleus. Example – Amoeba, Human etc.

 Prokaryotic means there is no define nucleus, they are unicellular (one

cell organisms), they don’t have membrane. Example – Bacteria and
archae.

Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell

World of Cells
 Amoeba

 Eukaryotic organism

 Well defined nucleus

 Pseudopodia : pseudo = False

podia = limb

 Phagocytosis : engulfing and digesting food

material
World of Cells

• White Blood Cells

• WBC cannot live independently.

• They help in defence.

White blood cells White blood cells through Microscope

World of Cells
• Specialization

• Different cells perform different functions.

• Example : -
• Nerve cell – responsible for transmitting information in the body.
• Muscle cell – It contract and relax, responsible for movement in the body.
• Epithelial cell - It protects, absorb, excrete, filtrate.
• Cell membrane – Gives the cell a specific shape.

Nerve Cells Muscle cells Epithelial Cells Cell Membrane

Basic Structures of Cell

 Prokaryotic Cell, Do not have a surrounding membrane.

 Example – blue green algae, bacteria etc.

 Eukaryotic Cell, have a surrounding membrane.

 Example – archae, cyanobacteria etc.

Cell Organelles
• Nucleus is the king of the cell.

• Has its own double – layered

membrane and luxurious nucleoplasm.

• Nucleus takes decisions and makes

important laws for the cells based on the
Nucleus
importance that it gets from something Nucleoplasm
called the chromosomes.

• Chromosomes - Carry information that

helps a cell grow, survive and
reproduce.

• Nucleus has a porous (spongy) nuclear

membrane. Chromosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum

• They are a network of membrane that stretch out from the

nucleus and carry information around and sometimes out of a
cell.

• They are also made up of a phospho, a lipid bilayer like the

cell membrane.

• They come in two variants: Rough ER and Smooth ER.

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER

 The Rough ER is bumpy because it has ribosomes sitting on it.

 Ribosomes are important because they help you make proteins.

 Proteins are very important for the cells structure and function.

 Rough ER provides a lattice for different cell constituents to actually

be made.

Rough Endoplasmic Ribosomes

Reticulum
Smooth ER
 It acts like a storehouse.

 It stores important ions like sodium ions which are used for
energy.

 It is also involved in the breakdown of toxins and the

manufacturing of lipids by enzymes that it stores.

 Lipids make the Smooth ER super important.

Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum Lipids
Golgi Bodies
 The proteins then packed off through
the cell’s courier system, the transport
vesicles to the Golgi Appartus, the post
office of the cell.

 It is named after Scientist who found it

Camillo Golgi. He is well known for Golgi Appartus
staining different parts of cell.

 The Golgi Appartus take the proteins

and nicely process and package them
before sending them off.

 This Appartus is made up of many

layers or membrane called the Golgi
bodies. Camillo Golgi
Golgi Bodies
 Proteins can cut down into
hormones and combine with
carbohydrates to form molecules.

 Processing of proteins happens in

the Golgi bodies. Hormones

 End products then packaged off in

the same little bags called the
vesicles which again have
phospholipid walls like cell
membrane and transports the
finished products given by the
Golgi bodies to other parts of the
cell or outside the cell. Vesicles
Lysosomes
 They are the waste bags or the
waste treatment plants or the
recycling units of the cell.

 They have special enzymes, which

break up components of the cell to
form simpler products which are
then digested.
Lysosomes
 Lysosomes also help in defence.

 Lysosomes digest worn out of cells

with the enzymes and it contains
and its often referred to as the
suicide sack of the cell.
Mitochondria

 They are smooth organelles resembling

a bacteria and they are entrusted with
the most important function, the
function of cellular respiration.

 The energy is generated in the form of

ATP (Adenosine, Triphosphate) the Mitochondria
energy currency of the cell, the
currency that drives the cell.

 It has a smooth outer membrane and an

inner membrane that is folded on itself
to give rise to something called Cristae.

Cristae
Plastid
 Plastid is distinctive because of its
cell wall and is only found in plant
cell.

 Plastid existed as bacteria long

time ago.

 A plant cell absorbed one of them

and realized that this would be a
great bacteria to keep and it
converts the light into glucose Plastid
compound.

 Plastids has a double-layered

membranes one from the cell which
engulfed it.
 Plastid
1) Plastid are of three types:-
a) Leucoplasts b)
Chromoplasts
c) Chloroplasts

2) Chloroplasts : Light
Sugar + O2

3) Chloroplasts are found in Leucoplasts Chromoplasts

non woody stems, leaves and
unripened fruits.

4) Chromoplasts give colour

5) Leucoplast is found in the

storage areas of the stem.
Chloroplasts
Vacuole

 Vacuole is found only in plant

cells.

 It’s usually big.

 A vacuole holds all the excess

water for a plant and in
addition to that it creates a
turgor pressure which gives
even more support and rigidity
to the already rigid plant cell. Vacuole

 They also hold some stuff

which the plant may not need
anymore.
 Plants
Plants VSVS Animals
Animals

Organelles Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell wall NO YES
Nucleus YES YES
Nucleolus YES YES
Endoplasmic Reticulum YES YES
Mitochondria YES YES
Golgi Bodies YES YES
Ribosomes YES YES
Vacuole YES (Small) YES
Plastids NO YES
Cell Division
a. Cell division provides more cells

i. For growth
ii. In order to fill vacancies left by predecessors
iii. Repair and damage control.

Cell Division Of Amoeba

Mitosis

 Make exact copies of themselves (Asexual Reproduction)

 Growth and Tissue Repair

 DNA Replication and Single Division

Mitosis
 Cytokinesis is the physical process of cell division, which divides
the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells

 Sex Cells (Gametes)

 - Contains only half the number of chromosomes.

Mitosis

Cells

DNA Synthesis Cell Growth (G1) Cell Grwoth (G2) Cytokinesis Mitosis
Meiosis
 Process where only half the
number of chromosomes are
maintained during nuclear division.

 Cells do meiosis in order to

produce gametes.

 Gametes are half the number of

chromosomes.

 Creation of two new cells involve: Meiosis

(a) Copying of DNA
b) Copying of other Apparatus

 Resultant errors are source of

variation.
Growth
Meiosis

Mitosis Fertilizer