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Interpolation and polynomial approximation

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12 views

Interpolation and polynomial approximation

Uploaded by

hamzajabbar019
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTERPOLATION

AND
POLYNOMIAL
APPROXIMATION
INTERPOLATION AND POLYNOMIAL
APPROXIMATION
INTERPOLATION:
Suppose we are given the following values of y = f(x) for a set of values of x.

x …………….
xx00

y ---------------

Then the process of finding the values of y corresponding to any value of x=


between and is called Interpolation. Thus interpolation is the technique
of estimating the value of a function for any intermediate value of the
independent variable.
INTERPOLATION AND POLYNOMIAL
APPROXIMATION
• EXTRAPOLATION: The process of computing the value of the function
outside the given range is called Extrapolation.
If the function f(x) is known explicitly, then the value of y corresponding to
any value of x can easily be found. Conversely, if the form of f(x) is not
known as in the case in most of the application, it is very difficult to
determine the exact form of f(x) with the help of tabulated set of values
. In such cases , f(x) is replaced by a simpler function which
assume the same value as those of f(x) at the tabulated set of points.
INTERPOLATION AND POLYNOMIAL
APPROXIMATION
Any other value may be calculated from which is known as the interpolating
function or smoothing function. If is a polynomial then it is called interpolating
polynomials and the process is called the polynomial interpolation.
The study of interpolation is based on calculus of finite differences, we begin by
driving two important interpolation formula by mean of forward and backward
differences of a function. These formula are often employed in engineering and
scientific investigation.
INTERPOLATION AND POLYNOMIAL
APPROXIMATION
• INTERPOLATION WITH UNEQUAL INTERVAL: The various interpolation formula
possess the disadvantage of being applicable only to equally spaced values of
the
argument. It is, therefore, desirable to develop interpolation formula for
unequally
space values of x. Now we shall study two such formula i.e.
(i) Lagrange’s interpolation formula.
(ii) Newton’s general interpolation formula with divided difference.
LAGRANGE’S INTERPOLATION FORMULA

Lagrange’s interpolation formula:


let y=f(x) be a function which take the (n+1) values
corresponding to x = Now f(x) can be represented as a polynomial
of nth degree in x.

y = f(x) = --------------
LAGRANGE’S INTERPOLATION FORMULA

• LAGRANGE GENERALISED FORMULA:


y = f(x) =
or we can write the above function as

where f( and is called weighting function or Lagrangian function


here
LAGRANGE’S INTERPOLATION FORMULA

i = 0, j=1
=+
i = 1,j = 0
=+
i = 2, j = 0
=+
i = 3, j = 0
=+
LAGRANGE’S INTERPOLATION FORMULA
This is known as Lagrange Interpolation Formula for unequal interval. This formula can
be used irrespective of whether the values of are equally spaced
or not. It is simple and easy to remember but its application is not speedy. The main
draw back of it is that if another interpolation value is inserted then the interpolation
coefficient are required to be recalculated.
so the Lagrangian polynomial is perhaps the simplest way to exhibit the existence of
a polynomial for interpolation with unevenly spaced data. Data where the x value are
not equispaced often occurs as the result of experimental observations or when
historical
data are examined.
LAGRANGE’S INTERPOLATION FORMULA
Prob1: Use Lagrange’s interpolation formula to find the value of y when x = 10, if
the
value of x and y are given as below
X 5 6 9 11

Y 12 13 14 15

Prob2: Use Lagrange’s formula to find the form of f(x), given


X 0 2 3 6

F(x) 648 704 729 792


DIVIDED DIFFERENCE

The Langrage’s formula has the drawback that if another interpolation value were
inserted, then the interpolation coefficient are required to be recalculated. This
labor of recomputing the interpolation coefficient is saved by using Newton General
Interpolation formula which employs what are called Divided Difference.
Before driving this formula, we shall first define these differences i.e.
If be given points, then First Divided Difference for the
argument is defined by the relation
DIVIDED DIFFERENCE

similarly and

The second divided difference for is defined as

The third divided difference for is defined as

and so on
DIVIDED DIFFERENCE
Newton’s Divided Difference Formula:
y = f(x) = f+

which is called Newton’s general interpolation formula with divided difference.


or we can write Newton’s interpolation formula as,

where f
DIVIDED DIFFERENCE
X f F.D.D S.D.D T.D.D

f f

f
f f
f f

f f f f

f f
f f

f f

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