POLYGRAPHY

“Poly” means Many or More

• “Graphos” means
• Writings or Graphs
DISTINCTION
• POLYGRAPHY – is the scientific detection of
deception with the use or aid of a Polygraph.

• POLYGRAPH – is an instrument or device

capable of recording internal bodily changes,
such as blood-pressure/pulse-rates,
respiration, electro-dermal properties of the
skin or the Galvanic Skin-Reflex (GSR),
which are indicative of emotional excitement,
especially of
• lying, when questioned.
LYING & DECEPTION
DECEPTION – is the act of deceiving or
misleading through misrepresentation
usually accomplished by means of
lying.

LYING – is the uttering or conveying

falsehood or creating false impressions
affecting acts, opinions or affections of
another. It is done through:
• Verbal terms spoken by the mouth
• Acts, feigns or ruses through marks,
signs and symbols
DETECTION
The act of discovering the existence or
presence of something hidden or
obscured.

STIMULUS
The force or motion reaching the
organism
from the environment and excites the
perceptors.
Definitions…
Reaction – it is actions in
mental attitude evoke by
external influence.
Response – is any activity
or division of the previous
activity of an organism or as
effect organ or part of the
organism resulting from
stimulation.
Def. conts…

Specific Response – is any

deviation from the normal
tracing of a subject.
Normal Response – is a
tracing on the chart wherein the
subject answered in irrelevant
questions.
Polygraph Examiner – is one
who conducts or administers
test.
Conts.
Psychology - Means is the study
of human behavior. Characteristics
are influence by heredity and
environment.
Chart or Polygrams – refers to
the composite records of the
Pneumograph, Galvanograph and
Cardiosphymograph tracings
recorded from series questions.
Subject – refers to a person being
examined.
Conts…

Emotion – is an acute disturbance

of the individual as a whole,
psychological in origin involving
behavior conscious experience
and visceral functioning.

Stress – is described as
physiological response of a body
to any demand to place it.
EARLY FORMS OF TRIAL
Trial by Combat (resolving
issue by use
of
human strength)
Trial by Ordeal (by means of

pain)
Trail by Jury (fact finders)
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Trial by Torture (witch hunt)

Trial by ordeal
A primitive means used
to determine guilt or
innocence by
submitting the accuse
to dangerous or painful
test

judicium Dei: a
procedure based on the
premise that God
would help the
innocent by performing
a miracle on their behalf.
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I. RED HOT IRON ORDEAL
Rajhmal in North
Bengal.
•bar of red-hot iron in
his hands while he walked
9 marked paces.
•licking the red-hot iron
•the suspect had to run
barefoot over nine red-
hot plowshares. (3 days)
II. ORDEAL OF BALANCE

Vishnu, India.
A scale of balance is used,
If he was found lighter than
before then he should be
acquitted
III. ORDEAL OF WATER

1.Boiling Water Ordeal

(3 days)
2. Cold Water Ordeal
(Witchcraft)
 IV. ORDEAL BY RICE
CHEWING

Indians
Sathee – a kind of rice
Saliva mixed with blood,
mouth swollen, trembles
 V. ORDEAL OF THE RED
WATER (Sassy Bark)
Eastern Africa
fast for 12 hours
The water is actually emetic and if
the suspect ejects all rice, he is
considered innocent of the charge.
VI. ORDEAL BY COMBAT

The aggrieved party claimed the

right to fight the alleged offender
or to pay a champion to fight for
him.
King Henry III – abolished all
kind of ordeal except this one
 VII. ORDEAL OF THE
CORSNEAD/
ORDEAL OF THE BLESSED
BREAD
A priest puts the corsnaed or hallowed
bread in the mouth of the accused, with
various imprecations (curses). If the
accused swallowed it he was freed from
punishment.
 VIII. TEST OF THE
EUCHARIST
clergy and monks.
host - with sickness or death.
poisonous drink - Angel
Gabriel
IX. ORDEAL OF THE BIER

It was an ancient belief that the

slain dead could point out the
killer.

Shakespeare - “Richard III”.

X. ORDEAL OF THE
NEEDLE

Wanaka in Eastern Africa

red-hot needle - drawn through
the lips
XI. ORDEAL BY HEAT AND
FIRE
The accused walked barefooted over
coals of fire, or was made to walk
through fire. If he was unharmed by
fire he was considered innocent.
XII. TRIAL OF THE CROSS
The accuser and the accused were
placed under the cross with their
arms extended or crosswise and the
first to move his hands or suffer
them to fall was held guilty.

Or the accused was placed before

relics and two dice were then
produced, one marked with a cross.
 XIII. TRIAL OF THE
WAXEN SHIRT
The accused was dressed in a cloth
covered with wax and walked
barefoot over coals of fire. If he was
hurt by the fire and the wax did not
melt, he was considered innocent.
 XIV. HEREDITARY SIEVE
METHOD
Hans Gross “Father of Criminalistics”,
wrote in his famous book in Criminal
Investigation
If the beans jumped out of the sieve, the
owner of the sieve is innocent. If the beans
remained in the sieve the person named is
a thief.
XV. DONKEY’S TAIL
ORDEAL
Donkey
donkey would bray when touched by the
guilty person.
Upon leaving all persons were inspected
by the judge. The person having clean
hands was adjudged “guilty”.
XVI. ORDEAL OF THE TIGER

Siam (Thailand)
the accused and accuser are placed on a
cage of a tiger:
if the tiger spare one of them he is
considered innocent.
XVII. Wager of Battle

Judgment of God determine the

winner
 OTHER
COUNTRIES
PRACTICING
ORDEAL
BURMA
Ordeal of
Divination
MADAGASCAR
“tangena” - a poisonous
fruit, a small dose is fatal. By
managing the size of the dose,
those who administer it can
decide the result.
BORNEO
shellfish - An irritating
fluid was then poured on the
shellfish and the litigant whose
shellfish moved first was
adjudged the winner.

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GREECE
axe - When the axe
stopped, whoever was in the
line with the blade as
supposed to be guilty out by
the Divine Providence.
NIGERIA
greased a cock’s feather - If
the feather passed through the
tongue easily, innocent
corrosive liquid – Poured into
the eyes of the accused who
was supposed to be unharmed
if innocent.
boiling oil - pouring it over the
hand of the accused
The Historical
Development of
the Polygraph

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Development of
Cardio-
Sphymograph

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Angelo Mosso
- studies emotion and fear and its
influence on the heart and
respiration
Plethysmograph (Francis Franke)
– measure blood pressure and
pulse change
Scientific Cradle – designed to
measure the flow of blood while a
person lay on his back on a prone
position
CESARE LOMBROSO (1836-
1909)

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- HYDROSPHYMOGRAPH,
”LOMBROSO’S GLOVE” - known
to measures changes in pulse
and blood pressure when
suspects were asked about
their involvement in or
knowledge of specific response.
- first person to utilize an
instrument for the purpose of
detecting lies.
WILLIAM MOULTON
MARSTON (1915)

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“Father of Modern Polygraphy”
Systolic Blood Pressure Test
sphygmomanometer - which was
used to obtain periodic
discontinuous blood pressure
reading during the course of a
test.

He also recorded the

respiration and noted the time
of the subject’s verbal
responses.
JOHN LARSON (1921)

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- Developed an instrument that
continually and simultaneously
measures blood pressure and
respiration.
- He designed the first two recording
channel polygraph in the history,
cardiosphymograph and
pneumograph.
LEONARDE KEELER

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- Keeler Polygraph (1949) -
recording blood pressure, pulse
and respiration changes.

- (1988) – added in his instrument

the Psycho Galvanometer (PGR)
also known as Galvanic Skin
Reflex

- Kymograph - it pulled at a
constant speed chart paper under
the recoding pens from a roll of
chart paper located inside the
Development of
Pneumograph
Component

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VITTORIO BENUSSI (1914)

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Pneumograph - an instrument
that graphically measures the
inhalation of and exhalation.
- He demonstrated the
changes in breathing patterns
by noting the changes in
respiration expiration during
deception.
HAROLD BURTT (1918)

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- He determined that
respiratory changes were
indication of deception.
Development of
Galvanograph

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LUIGI GALVANI (1791)
Galvanic Skin Reflex or the
galvanometer - which records
electrical bodily resistance in
terms of ohms, the lowest
current ever recorded. The GSR
reflected emotional changes by
measuring changes in person’s
skin resistance to electricity.
STICKER (1897)
- Made the first suggestion
for using galvanograph for
detecting deception

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VERAGUTH (VERAGUTTI)
(1907)
Psychogalvanic Reflex - first to use
this term
- He believed that the electrical
phenomenon is due to the activity
of sweat glands
- Electro Dermal Response

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JOHN REID
- special chair equipped with metal bellows
for recoding unobserved muscular
activities of the arms, thighs and feet,
located on the arms of the chair and on
the seat, this transmit singular muscular
activity to the recording polygraph
- He introduced the first four recording
channel instrument to be developed. This
instrument is excellent for detecting
deceptions because it does not only have
a recording pen for cardiosphymograph,
pneumograph and galvanograph but also
it has the muscular movement pen for the
arms and thighs. rain
QUESTIONING
TECHNIQUE

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KEELER (1942)
1. Relevant- irrelevant test - The
theory of this test is that a guilty
reacts only to relevant questions
and innocent shows no reactions.
- Personally Embarrassing
Question (EPQ)
- Un-reviewed control questions or
“Surprise Questions”
2. Card Test
3. Peak of Tension Test

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JOHN E. REID (1950)
Reviewed Control Question -
consisting of a known lie
incorporated in to relevant-
irrelevant test. The theory of the
test is to stimulate the innocent
subject, to identify the general
nervous tension and guilt complex
reactor and to improve contract
between innocent and guilty
subjects.
Guilt-Complex test - administered
to the overly responsive subjects.
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CLEVE BACKSTER (1960)
Backster Zone Comparison
Test Technique

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Early
publications of
Polygraph

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Sir James Mackenzie (1906)
He was a famous heart
specialist.

He first described the

instrument in an article
entitled “THE INK
POLYGRAPH” which appeared
in 1908 of the British Medical
Journal.
VITTORIO BENUSSI (1913)
- He presented a paper before the
second meeting of the Italian
Society for Psychology in
Rome, on the subject of his
experiments regarding respiratory
symptoms of lying.

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RICHARD O. ARCHER (1953)
- first polygraphist to record
simultaneously on regular basis the
chest and abdominal breathing
patterns.
- He was also the first to record
simultaneously 2 galvanic skin
reflexes.
- In 1966, he founded the Journal of
Polygraph Science, the oldest of
the polygraph publication.
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RICHARD I. GOLDEN (1969)

• He presented a paper at the Annual

Seminar of American Polygraph
Association at Houston, regarding
control question techniques but
requiring the subject to answer each
question twice. The first time
truthfully and the second time with
lie

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Silvestro F. Reali
Reali’s Positive Control Technique

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John E. Reid
With Fred E. Inbau
Truth and Deception - the first
comprehensive book regarding
modern polygraph instrumentation
and techniques

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FRANCIS GALTON (1879)
Word Association Test - whereby
the patient is presented with a
group of words sufficiently
separated in time to allow the
patient to utter his first thought
generated by each word.
ALLEN BELL Jr. and
CHARLES Mc QUISTON (1972)

Psychological Stress Evaluator

(PSE). - This instrument detects
slight trembling in the voice, which
maybe interpreted to determine if
the person is telling the truth.

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ANTON MESMER (1778)

the first one to introduce

hypnotism as a method of
detecting deception.

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DR. EDWARD MANDEL HOUSE

A U.S. psychiatrist and

diplomat who introduced
truth serum as a method
of detecting deception.

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TYPES OF LIER
1.Panic Liar – Avoid
consequences of confession,
afraid of embarrassment, blow
to his ego
2.Occupational Liar – lied for
years, practical liar
3.Tournament Liar – loves to
lie, excited by the challenge of
not detected
4.Ethnological Liar –
trained not to be a squealer
5.Psychopathic Liar – has
no conscience
6.Pathological Liar –
Cannot distinguished right
from wrong
7.Black Liar – always
pretends and a hypocrite
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Types of Lies
• Direct Denial
• Lie of Omission
• Lie of Fabrication
• Lie of Minimization
• Lie of Exaggeration
Intended to protect
or maintain
harmonious
relationship

Lie made by
a person who
can’t
distinguish
right or wrong
CONTS.
- lie that purports to
destroy other ideologies
by means of propaganda
and brain washing

- a lie which accompanies

pretensions and
hypocrisies, intriguing to
cause dishonor or discredit
ones’ good image
Conts…
- Intended to
mislead or
obstruct
justice.
- Examples
are “Perjury”
and “False
Testimonies”
of false
witnesses.
VERBAL CLUES OF LYING
Methods of responding to the questions
Length of time before giving response
Repetition of Questions
Defragmented or incomplete sentences
Being overly polite
Oaths
Clarity of Response
Use of words
Assertiveness
Inconsistencies
Slip of the Tongue
Tirades
Pauses
Speed of Speech
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NON-VERBAL CLUES OF LYING
Emblems
Manipulators
Breathing
Sweating
Frequent Swallowing
Facial Muscles
Eyes
Face
Seven Common Signs of
Lying
1. No eye contact
2. Change in voice.
3. Unusual body language
4. Something sounds fishy
5. Overly defensive
6. Changes subject easily
7. Humor or sarcasm
“The mouth may lie, but the face it
makes nonetheless tells the truth”
Friedrich Nietzsche
Philosopher
Other terms:

The POLYGRAPH
a.k.a.
The DECEPTOGRAPH
a.k.a.
The LIE-DETECTOR
a.k.a.
The PNEUMO-GALVO-SPHYGMO-
CARDIOGRAPH
 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
THE POLYGRAPH MACHINE
1. PNEUMOGRAPH
- Records the changes of
breathing of the subject.
- This consists of transducers
and pneumograph tube that is
fastened around the subject’s
abdominal (Pneumo 2) and
thoracic part (Pneumo 1) of the
body.
2. GALVANOGRAPH
- Records the skin resistance of the
subject to a very small amount of
electricity.
- This consists of a finger/palm
electrodes which is attached to the
subject’s fingers (the index or
ring) or palm to monitor and
detect skin resistance towards a
small amount of electricity;
- 7 inch recording pen.
3. CARDIOSPYHMOGRAPH

Records changes of
blood pressure and pulse
rate.

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4. KYMOGRAPH (chart
drive module).
- This is a motor that pulls or
drive the chart paper under the
recording pen simultaneously
at the rate of six (6) inches
to (12) inches per minute. A
chart roll is about 100 ft. long,
6 inches width ½ inch margin
apart
Tripod Of Polygraphy

1.Psychological
2.Physiological
3.Mechanical

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WHAT TAKES PLACE
DURING POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
CNS and Peripheral nervous
System
CNS – Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
1. Somatic Nervous System
2. Autonomic Nervous System -
regulating response of the
body
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ANS
1. Sympathetic Nervous System
(SyNS) Flight or Fight
Mechanism – increase alertness,
stimulates tissue, and prepares
the body for quick response for
unusual situations
2. Parasympathetic Nervous
System (PaNS) Rest and
Response System – conserve
energy and controls
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sedentary
activities
SyNS and PaNS act opposite each
other. Once there’s a shift there
will be changes in:
1. Pulse
2. Blood Pressure
3. Breathing
4. Response-Time
5. Voice
6. Other Physiological reaction
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THE EXAMINATION
ROOM

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OBJECTIVES OF
POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
Determine if the subject is telling the
truth
Acquire additional investigative
leads to the facts of an offense.
Locate fruits or tools of crime or
whereabouts of wanted persons.
Identify other persons involved.
Gain valuable information from
unwilling subjects.
To eliminate innocent suspects
Principal Use of Polygraph
Examination
1. Aid in the investigation of criminal
and civil cases
2. Speeds up investigation process
3. Eliminate innocent suspects
4. Pre-employment screening
5. Personnel test for honesty

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LIMITATIONS
OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION

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It is an invaluable aid, but not a
substitute for an investigation.
It is not a lie detector, but it is a
scientific diagnostic instrument.
It does not determine facts, it records
responses to that the subject knows to
be true.
It is accurate as the examiner is
competent.
The test should not be given until
enough facts of the case have been
established to permit an examiner to
prepare a complete set of suitable
question.
A test should not be administered until
the voluntary consent of the subject.
No indication will be given to any person
or written in any report that a person is
guilty because he refuses to take the
test.
A test should not be administered until
the accusations have been explained to
the subject.
No attempt to use polygraph for mental
or physical evaluation of any person.
Examination should not be conducted to
an unfit subject.
LIMITATIONS OF
THE SUBJECT
WHO WILL
UNDERGO
POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
 The subject must have a good night
sleep of at least five hours prior to the
test.
 He must refrain from smoking for at
least 2 hours.
 He should not undergo prolonged
interrogation prior to the test.
 The subject must have not been
subjected to physical abuse or body
contact.
 He must refrain from drinking alcoholic
beverages, taking sedatives, capsules
or syrup for at least
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the test.
 He must not be suffering from any
temporary illness like headache,
toothache, stomachache, fever,
menstruation, sever colds and coughs.
 He must not be hungry.
 He must not have sex indulgence prior
to the test.

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 TEST PROCEDURE IN
POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

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PHASE 1 – Initial interview with the
investigator handling the case
This phase includes:
Obtaining the evaluating facts
Determining the areas the subject
needs to be asked
The examiner must furnish the ff.
Sworn statement of the suspect, witness
and victim or complainant.
Incident or spot report
B.I. of suspects, witnesses, and
victim/complainant
Rough sketch or pictures of the crime scene
and other facts such as
PHASE 2 - Pre-test interview
Purpose of conditioning and preparing
the subject for the examination and also
to provoke and observe the indications
of guilt or innocence.
this includes:
The appraisal of the subject’s constitutional
rights
Obtain consent to undergo polygraph test
by signing statement of consent
The taking of personal data of the subject
Determine the suitability as a subject
Evaluating the psychological preparation of
the subject
Informing the subject of his involvement of
the case
The average polygraph test will usually
last 2-3 hours from, beginning to end.
Most people don't realize the longest
part of the examination will be the 45-90
minute "pretest interview." During the
pretest interview, the examiner will:

• give detailed instructions for the actual

testing phase, and confirm the
examinees understanding of these
• define the subjects legal rights
• explain the polygraph equipment and
how it works
• discuss at length the "issue" (for private
issues, such as infidelity, both parties
may be present during the discussion
portion of the test)
• review all questions to be asked during
the actual polygraph examination

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PHASE 3 -
The conduct of
instrumentation or
actual test
PHASE 4 - Post-Test interview or
interrogation
This phase includes all
consideration that bear on the
examination just after the instrument is
turned off. The examiner then proceeds
to conduct short interrogation, the
purpose of which is to obtain confession
or admission. However if the chart of
the polygraph indicates that the subject
is innocent, the examiner will just
release the subject cordially and thanks
him for his cooperation.
How to formulate TEST
QUESTIONS:
Must be simple and direct
Must not involve legal terminologies
Must be answerable with Yes or No
Must be clear and phrased in a language the
subject can easily understand
Must not be in a form of an accusation
Must never contain an inference that
presuppose knowledge on the part of the
subject
All questions must refer to one offense only
Must not contain influence to one’s race,
religion, race or beliefs
TYPES OF
QUESTIONS
Relevant Question
- Having an extreme and specific
relationship to the crime or matter
under investigation
Two Classification:
1. Strong Relevant or Primary or
Crucial question – produce
emotional response to guilty
subject
2. Weak Relevant or Secondary
Question – often deal with guilty
knowledge and partial
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Irrelevant Question

it e re la t i o n s h ip
- Wi t h o u t de fi n
c a s e u n de r
with the
in v e s t i ga t io n

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Evidence Connecting
Question
This is designed to stimulate the
guilty subject and focus his
attention on the probability of
incriminating proof that would tend
to establish his guilt.

Ex. “Was the evidence found in the

crime scene yours?”
Knowledge Question
This question is designed to
probe whether the subject
possesses information regarding
the identity of the offender, or as
to the location of the evidence or
other secondary elements of the
facts of the case under
investigation.
Ex. “Do you know who committed
the offense?”
Sacrifice or DYAT
Question
This is designed to obtain the
responses generally generated by
the introduction of the first
relevant question in the series. It
reveals the subject’s norm plus
stimulus and excitement level.

“Do You intend to Truthfully answer

all questions about that?”
 Control Question
(Probable Lie)
This question is designed to
produce a response in the
innocent subject and
serves as a basis for
evaluating the subject’s
perceptual set.
Primary Control Question is based on a
known lie. It must concern about events
that transpired within 3 to 5 years
period before case under investigation
occurred. Ex. “Before reaching the age
of 20, have you ever stolen anything?”
Secondary Control Question is more
specific in nature and is based on
another experience or wrongdoing,
which will enhance the opportunity for
responsiveness. Its scope covers up to
the present period. The question for
responsiveness must not be related to
the case under investigation. Ex. “Have
you ever committed any crime in your
community?
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Symptomatic Question
These questions are designed to
detect and evaluate the presence
of outside issues that might
suppress the subject’s responses
to the relevant question.
Ex. “Are you now convinced that I
will not ask you any question aside
from these, we have reviewed?” or
“Are you afraid that I will ask you
about something else which I told
you I would not?”
SKY Question
These are 3 groups of questions put
together by Backster. Designed to
confirm the previous charts and detect
indirect involvement or guilty
knowledge.
S – Suspects
K- Know
Y- You
ex. “Do you SUSPECT,KNOW, YOU anyone
in particular in stealing Ana’s money?
 TEST
TECHNIQUES
A. R/I THEORY
t es t
d o f 5
p o se
Com

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TEST 1- GENERAL QUESTION
TEST/GENERAL SERIES TEST
These are series of relevant
and control questions in a planned
order. The questions are so
arranged in order to compare the
subject’s responses between each
type of questions.

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Q1 Irrelevant
Q2 Irrelevant
Q3 Weak Relevant
Q4 Irrelevant
Q5 Strong Relevant
Q6 Control
Q7 Irrelevant
Q8 Evidence connecting
Q9 Knowledge
Q10 Secondary Control
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 TEST 2- CARD OR NUMBER TEST
(STIMULATION VERIFIVCATION
TEST)
seven (7) variously numbered cards
The cards with numbers 15, 8, 5, 3,
4, 14, and 12 are used.
The stimulation test is designed to
reassure the innocent examinee of
the accuracy of the test and of the
test and of the competency of the
polygraphist. It further serve to
stimulate the guilty examinee.

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TEST 3 - SPOT RESPONDER
TEST
Q1 Irrelevant
Q3 Weak Relevant
Q2 Irrelevant
Q5 Strong Relevant
Q4 Irrelevant
Q6 Control
Q7 Irrelevant
Q8 Evidence Connecting
Q9 Knowledge
Q10 Secondary Control
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TEST 4 - MIXED QUESTION
TEST
Q4 Irrelevant
Q1 Irrelevant
Q9 Knowledge
Q6 Control
Q2 Irrelevant
Q3 Weak Relevant
Q10 Secondary Control
Q5 Strong Relevant
Q6 Control
Q8 Evidence Connecting
Q10 Secondary Control
 TEST 5- SILENT
ANSWER TEST
Purpose of each test
Test 1 - the first 2 irrelevant questions are
intended to condition the subject to have
standard tracing and to establish truth
telling patterns
Test 2 - to check possible distortions when
the chosen number is asked
Test 3 - to determine the responsiveness of
the subject to crucial questions and also
serve as a check on possibility of spot
respond
Test 4 - to compare the degree of reaction
between Relevant and Control Questions
Test 5 - to serve as a confirmatory check
Supplementary tests
YES test
In instances where distortions
occurred on the Test 1, Test 2 ,Test
3, the YES test should be
administered before the Test 4. The
test is conducted by instructing the
subject to say “YES” to all
questions to be asked, including
those pertaining to the matter
under investigation. The Control
questions are however eliminated.
Guilt Complex Test
This consist of a regarding fictitious
incidents or a similar nature but
one which appears to be real in so
far as the subject is concerned. The
purpose of this test is to compare
the responses with those that
appeared on the actual test record
when question were asked about
the matter under investigation.
B. PEAK OF TENSION TEST
The investigator will
prepare seven (7) questions
and one of them has a specific
bearing on the matter under
investigation. The specific
question must refer to some
details of the incident, which
could have not been to the
subject.
Q1 introductory phase plus padding
question – “Do you know whether
the stolen watch of Fred is a
Bulova?”
Q2 Padding- …Elgin?
Q3 Padding- …Colorado?
Q4 Relevant Question- …Rolex?
Q5 Padding- …Longine?
Q6 Padding- …Timex?
Q7 Padding- …Citizen?
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C. ZONE COMPARISON TEST
This test is alternatively
known as Zone of
Comparison test, it is the
polygraph technique most
commonly used for polygraph
interrogation concerning a
single issue, and it is used
especially in criminal
investigations.
Q1 Irrelevant
Q2 Sacrifice Relevant
Q3 Symptomatic
Q4 Control
Q5 Strong Relevant
Q6 Control
Q7 Strong Relevant
Q8 Control
Q10 Weak Relevant
Supplementary:
Q11 Suspect
Q12 Know
Q13 You rain
Chart markings,
interpretations
, and probing
Chart Marking
The process of writing
standard and customize signs
on the paper chart to denote
the subject’s reactions and
other circumstances that
occur during the actual test

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Chart Probing
the process of showing the
polygram to the subject and
providing brief explanation on
the dissimilarities of
responses.

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Chart Interpretation
the process of reading and
deciphering the meaning of
graphical responses of the subject
based on the chart tracings.
His diagnosis is based on how
he reads and interprets the
polygram of the subject.

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 The key to accurate chart
interpretations is PROPER
FORMULATION OF TEST
QUESTIONS

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Average Tracing Segment
(Tomic Level)
A segment within the tracing
that shows no physiological
evidence of change in the
emotional level within the stress
area on the polygraph chart

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Reaction Tracing Segment
(Phasic or Tomic Response)
a segment within the tracing
that shows physiological eveidence
that the sympathetic subdivisions of
the autonomic nervous system has
become more active, indicating a
psychological change from the
subject’s average emotional level

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Relief Tracing Segment
(Homeostatic Change)
Shows physiological evidence that
the parasympathetic subdivision of
the ANS has become more active
following the stress area on the
polygraph chart, indicating a
psychological return to the
subject’s exhibited average normal
level
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Distortion Tracing Segment
(Artifact)

Departs from the average

emotional level but lacks
physiological evidence of either Sy
or Pa activation within the stress
area of the polygraph chart,
indication of an absence of
physiological origin

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A. Signs and Symbols in Chart
Marking

Starting the test

Place X on the chart below the cardio

tracing. It indicates that the test
begins. Wait for 15-20 seconds before
asking the first question
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When the first question is asked

/ (start) // (end)
Place a vertical line or the stimulus
mark below the cardio tracing to
indicate the beginning and the ending
of the question. A double stimulus mark
indicates the ending of the question.
Numbering of question

/ 1 //
Place the number between the
stimulus marks, or below the
stimulus marking or to its right.
Answer the questions

“+” for YES “–” for NO

-No sign if the subject fails to

answer or when SAT Test in
conducted.
-Signs are placed below or at the
right side of the number of the
question.
Talking by the subject other
than YES or NO
T T
Indicate on the chart the letter “T” at
the point the subject starts to talk and
again where the subject stops.
Draw a line between the two to indicate
the length of talking
Talking instruction

TI
Indicate “TI” below the cardio
pattern when the subject is
tactfully instructed regarding
talking. Indication is made on the
chart below the cardio pattern.
Coughing
C
Indicate “C” below the pneumo
tracing where the break is shown.
It can also cause a sharp ring on
the galvano and a break on cardio
pattern

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Clearing of Throat
CT
“CT” is placed on the chart for
clearing of throat and is frequently
placed below the pneumo
tracing, both galvano and cardio
tracings may be affected
depending on its intensity.

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Sigh
S
“S” is indicated inside the pneumo
tracing exactly where it took
place. It may be indicative of
deception or mere denotes relief,
because of the psychological
implications involved, it must be
distinguished from deep breath.
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Sniff
SN
“SN” is placed below the pneumo
tracing where the sniff was noted.

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Sneeze
SZ
“SZ” should be placed just below
the pneumo tracing at the point
where sneeze occurred. Such
occurrence will affect all three
tracing to varying degrees.

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Burp or Belch
B
“B” is indicated just below the
pneumo tracing where burp
occurs. Burping affects both
pneumo and galvano tracing.

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Laugh
L
“L” is placed on the chart if the
subject laughs and should be
placed below the break point in
the pneumo tracing. This will
also affect the cardio tracing.

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Yawn
Y
“Y” is indicated on the chart below
the pneumo tracing where yawn
occurs. Yawning will also affect the
cardio tracing.

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Movements
M
“M” is indicated in placed exactly
above the or below any breaking in
tracings.
When subject moves with the specific
portion of the body, indicate it with
letter “M” and the portion of the
body in parenthesis
Prolonged movement is indicated with
the first “M” when the movement
is noticed and second “M” when
stopped, draw a line between the 2
symbols to determine the length of
movement.
Movement instruction

MI
Indicate “MI” on the chart for
movement instruction. Indication is
made on the cardio patterns.
Mechanical Adjustments
( ) ( )

Indicate the adjustment arrow pointing up

or down adjacent to respective
pattern where the adjustment is
made.
it is done when necessary and shall be
preceded by an irrelevant question.
Outside Noise
OSN

Indicate “OSN” and shall be

placed on the chart where the
galvano or pneumo activity
appears as a result thereof.

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Change of Voice
VC

Indicate “VC” on the place of

breaking on the cardio where
stimulus mark showed subject
answer.
Will also affect the galvano and
pneumo tracing
Involuntary Movement
IM

Indicate on the chart “IM” for

involuntary movements ex.
jerking
Extraneous Factors due to blood
pressure cuff discomfort

ARM
Indicate “ARM” enclosed in a
circle, if discomfort continues draw
a line with an additional “ARM”
enclosed in a circle at termination
of discomfort.
Breathing Instruction
BI

indicate “BI” below cardio

tracing. This is done when the
subject is carefully and properly
instructed regarding deep
breathing.
Repetition of Questions
RQ

Indicate “RQ” below the cardio

tracing when in the subject
requests for a repetition of
questions.
Paper Jam
PJ

Indicate “PJ” below cardio at the

time of the jam.
Will also affect the galvano and
pneumo tracing
Ending the test

XX

Mark “XX” below the cardio tracing to

indicate the end of the test, and proceed to
deactivate the instrument after 10 seconds
without stimulus insertions.
These should be written above
the pneumo tracing near the
beginning of the chart for
identification.
Subject’s name, rank or profession
Date and time of examination
Test or Chart number
Initial of the Examiner

At the completion of the examination the

subject will sign across the 3 recorded graphs
for positive identification.

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FINAL RESULT
A Polygraph test result is a strictly
confidential statement and its result can
only be disclosed to the examinee or a
third party nominated in writing by the
examinee.

There are four possible results:

• NDI - No Deception Indicated (Truthful)

• DI - Deception Indicated (Deceptive)
• IC - Inconclusive (Insufficient physiological
responses)
• DD - Deliberately disruptive
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False Positive occurs if the truthful
subject is reported to be deceptive and
False Negative occurs when the
deceptive subject is reported to be truthful.
OTHER SCIENTIFIC
METHODS OF
DETECTING
DECEPTION
NARCOANALYSIS OR
NARCOSYNTHESIS

It is the same with the

method of truth serum the
only difference is that the
psychiatric sodium
amytal or sodium
penthotal is administered
to the subject. Likewise it is
inadmissible as evidence.
SCIENTIFIC INTERROGATION

Interrogation is the questioning

of a person suspected of having
committed an offense or a person
who are reluctant to make full
disclosure or information in his
possession that is pertinent to the
investigation.
A suspect is a person whose guilt is
considered on reasonable ground
to be a practical possibility.
TECHNIQUES IN
INTERROGATION
EMOTIONAL APPEAL
The investigator must create a
mood that is conducive to
confession. He may be
sympathetic and friendly to the
subject. The subject may be
willing to disclose more
information if he is treated in a
kind spirit.
 MUTT AND JEFF
TECHNIQUE
(Sweet and Sour Technique) In this
technique there must be at least two
investigators with opposite character,
one (Mutt) who is arrogant and
relentless who knows the subject is
guilty and will not waste time in the
investigation, and another (Jeff) who is
friendly, sympathetic and kind. When
Mutt is not present Jeff will advise the
subject to make quickrain decision and plea
 BLUFF ON SPLIT-PAIR
TECHNIQUE
This is applicable where there are 2 or
more suspects. All of them are
interrogated separately and the results
of their individual statements are not
known to one another. While one of
them is under interrogation, the
interrogator may claim that the author
implicated the subject and that there is
no use for him to deny the participation.
STERN APPROACH
The question must be answered clearly,
and the investigator utilizes harsh
language. Immediate response from the
subject is demanded.
 The subject is given the
opportunity to make a lengthy,
time-consuming narration.
There may be a moment when the subject
becomes confused and desists from making
further statement for fear of contradicting his
previous statement.

Basis of the investigator’s inference that the

subject is not telling the truth:
The subject’s statement has many
improbabilities and gaps on its substantial
parts.
the subject’s statement is inconsistent with the
material facts.
The subject’s statement is incoherent,
conflicting with one another.
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KINDS OF CONFESSION
EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION
This confession is made outside the court prior
to the trial of the case. Sec. 3, Rule 133, Rules
of Court - Extra-Judicial confession is not
sufficient ground for conviction unless
corroborated by evidence of corpus delicti.
JUDICIAL CONFESSION

This is a confession of an accused in court. It is

conclusive upon the court and may be
considered to be mitigating circumstance to
criminal liability.

A plea of guilty when formally entered on

arraignment is sufficient to sustain a
conviction of any offense, even a capital one,
without further proof.
Sec.2 , Rule 129, Rules of Court – Judicial
Admission: Admissions made by the parties in
the pleadings, or in the course of the trial or
other proceedings do not require proof and
cannot be contradicted unless previously
shown to have been made through palpable
mistake
KINDS OF EXTRA-JUDICIAL
CONFESSION
Voluntary Extra-Judicial Confession
The confession is voluntary when the accused
speaks of his free will and accord, without
inducement of any kind, and with a full and
complete knowledge of the nature and
consequence of the confession,, and when the
speaking is so free from influences affecting
the will of the accused, at the time of the
confession was made that it renders it
admissible in evidence against him.
Involuntary Extra-Judicial
Confession
Confessions obtained through force, threat,
intimidation, duress, or anything influencing
the voluntary act of the confessor.
Confessions obtained from the defendant by
means of force and violence is null and void,
and cannot be used against him at the trial.
Confession made under the influence of
spiritual advice or exhortation is not
admissible.
A confession made under the influence of
paternal sentiment is not admissible.
CAN A PERSON BE COMPELLED
TO BE SUBJECTED TO A LIE
DETECTOR TEST?
In as much as the test requires the
subject to answer the question either by
yes or no, it infers the use of
intelligence and attention or other
mental faculties which is self-
incriminatory. Therefore, a person
CANNOT be compelled to be subjected
to the test.
Is Polygraph Examination
result admissible in court?
YES, if allowed by the judge. The
judge will unlikely to use polygraph test
if unaccredited and inexperienced
examiner administered the test. There
is great deal of action in the court
system today concerning the use of
polygraph, the laws are changing
rapidly.