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24 views

networking - topology1

Uploaded by

dhana lalitha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Introduction
Topology types
Advantages &
disadvantages
A Network Topology is the
arrangement with which computer
systems or network devices are
connected to each other. Topologies
may define both physical and logical
aspect of the network. Both logical
and physical topologies could be
same or different in a same network.
Point-to-Point
Point-to-point networks contains
exactly two hosts such as
computer, switches or routers,
servers connected back to back
using a single piece of cable. Often,
the receiving end of one host is
connected to sending end of the
other and vice-versa.
Point-to-Point

If the hosts are connected point-to-point


logically, then may have multiple
intermediate devices. But the end hosts
are unaware of underlying network and
see each other as if they are connected
directly.
Bus Topology is a network type in which
every computer and network device is
connected to a single cable. It is bi-
directional. It is a multi-point connection
and a non-robust topology because if the
backbone fails the topology crashes. In Bus
Topology, various MAC (Media Access
Control) protocols are followed by LAN
ethernet connections like TDMA, Pure
Aloha, CDMA, Slotted Aloha, etc
The bus topology is designed in such a way
that all the stations are connected through a
single cable known as a backbone cable.
Each node is either connected to the backbone
cable by drop cable or directly connected to the
backbone cable.
When a node wants to send a message over the network, it
puts a message over the network. All the stations available in
the network will receive the message whether it has been
addressed or not.
The bus topology is mainly used in 802.3 (ethernet) and
802.4 standard networks.
The configuration of a bus topology is quite simpler as
compared to other topologies.
The backbone cable is considered as a "single
lane" through which the message is broadcast to all the
stations.
The most common access method of the bus topologies
is CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access).
CSMA: It is a media access control used to control the data flow
so that data integrity is maintained, i.e., the packets do not get
lost. There are two alternative ways of handling the problems
that occur when two nodes send the messages simultaneously.
CSMA CD: CSMA CD (Collision detection) is an access
method used to detect the collision. Once the collision is
detected, the sender will stop transmitting the data. Therefore, it
works on "recovery after the collision".
CSMA CA: CSMA CA (Collision Avoidance) is an access
method used to avoid the collision by checking whether the
transmission media is busy or not. If busy, then the sender waits
until the media becomes idle. This technique effectively reduces
the possibility of the collision. It does not work on "recovery
after the collision".
In star topology, each
communicating device is connected
to a central controller called hub. (A
hub is a hardware device used to
connect several computers
together.) Unlike mesh topology,
the devices in star topology send
and receive data indirectly; the
data passes to and from the hub.
If the data is required to be sent
from one computer and received by
another computer, then this can be
accomplished only by the central
controller as each data is first sent
to the hub, which then relays that
data to the destination computer.
The most popular and widely used LAN
technology, Ethernet, currently
operates in Star Topology.
Advantages of Star Topology
(a) Fewer wires are required as compared to mesh topology which, thus, reduces the
number of input/output ports.
(b) Installation and maintenance of network is easy and takes less time.
(c) It is easy to detect faults in this network as all computers are dependent on the
central hub.
This means that any problem which makes the network non-functioning can be traced to
the central hub.
(d) The rate of data transfer is fast as all the data packets or messages are transferred
through central hub.
(e) As the nodes are not connected to each other, any problem in one node does not
hamper the performance of other nodes in the network.
(f) Removal or addition of any node in star topology can take place easily without
affecting the entire performance of the network.

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