STANDING ON H.P RESTING ON H.P LYING ON H.

P
On it’s base. On one point of base circle. On one generator.
(Axis perpendicular to Hp (Axis inclined to Hp (Axis inclined to Hp
And // to Vp.) And // to Vp) And // to Vp)

F.V. F.V. F.V.

X Y
While observing Fv, x-y line represents Horizontal Plane. (Hp)

X While observing Tv, x-y line represents Vertical Plane. (Vp) Y

T.V. T.V. T.V.

STANDING ON V.P RESTING ON V.P LYING ON V.P

On it’s base. On one point of base circle. On one generator.
Axis perpendicular to Vp Axis inclined to Vp Axis inclined to Vp
And // to Hp And // to Hp And // to Hp
 STEPS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS IN SOLIDS
Problem is solved in three steps:
STEP 1: ASSUME SOLID STANDING ON THE PLANE WITH WHICH IT IS MAKING INCLINATION.
( IF IT IS INCLINED TO HP, ASSUME IT STANDING ON HP)
( IF IT IS INCLINED TO VP, ASSUME IT STANDING ON VP)
IF STANDING ON HP - IT’S TV WILL BE TRUE SHAPE OF IT’S BASE OR TOP:
IF STANDING ON VP - IT’S FV WILL BE TRUE SHAPE OF IT’S BASE OR TOP.
BEGIN WITH THIS VIEW:
IT’S OTHER VIEW WILL BE A RECTANGLE ( IF SOLID IS CYLINDER OR ONE OF THE PRISMS):
IT’S OTHER VIEW WILL BE A TRIANGLE ( IF SOLID IS CONE OR ONE OF THE PYRAMIDS):
DRAW FV & TV OF THAT SOLID IN STANDING POSITION:
STEP 2: CONSIDERING SOLID’S INCLINATION ( AXIS POSITION ) DRAW IT’S FV & TV.
STEP 3: IN LAST STEP, CONSIDERING REMAINING INCLINATION, DRAW IT’S FINAL FV & TV.

GENERAL PATTERN ( THREE STEPS ) OF SOLUTION:

GROUP B SOLID. GROUP A SOLID. GROUP B SOLID. GROUP A SOLID.
CONE CYLINDER CONE CYLINDER
AXIS AXIS
AXIS AXIS INCLINED HP INCLINED HP
AXIS AXIS VERTICAL INCLINED HP
VERTICAL INCLINED HP

er er AXIS
AXIS AXIS TO VP AXIS
AXIS AXIS TO VP
INCLINED VP INCLINED INCLINED
INCLINED VP VP VP

Three steps Three steps Three steps Three steps

If solid is inclined to Hp If solid is inclined to Hp If solid is inclined to Vp If solid is inclined to Vp
 Solution Steps :
Problem 1. A square pyramid, 40 Triangular face on Hp , means it is lying on Hp:
mm base sides and axis 60 mm long, 1.Assume it standing on Hp.
2.It’s Tv will show True Shape of base( square)
has a triangular face on the ground 3.Draw square of 40mm sides with one side vertical Tv &
and the vertical plane containing the taking 50 mm axis project Fv. ( a triangle)
axis makes an angle of 450 with the 4.Name all points as shown in illustration.
5.Draw 2nd Fv in lying position I.e.o’c’d’ face on xy. And project it’s Tv.
VP. Draw its projections. Take apex 6.Make visible lines dark and hidden dotted, as per the procedure.
nearer to VP 7.Then construct remaining inclination with Vp
( Vp containing axis ic the center line of 2 nd Tv.Make it 450 to xy as
shown take apex near to xy, as it is nearer to Vp) & project final Fv.

o’

a’b’
a’1 b’1

Y
X a’b’ c’d’ d’1 c’1 o’1
d
c’d’

a1 o’ o1 1
a d d1

a1
a1

o1 d1 c1
o
b c c1 b 1(APEX b
1
b1 NEARER (APEX o1
For dark and dotted lines c1 TO V.P). AWAY
FROM V.P.)
1.Draw proper outline of new view DARK. 2. Decide direction of an observer.
3. Select nearest point to observer and draw all lines starting from it-dark.
4. Select farthest point to observer and draw all lines (remaining)from it- dotted.
 Solution Steps:
Problem 2: Resting on Vp on one point of base, means inclined to Vp:
A cylinder 40 mm diameter and 50 mm 1.Assume it standing on Vp
axis is resting on one point of a base 2.It’s Fv will show True Shape of base & top( circle )
3.Draw 40mm dia. Circle as Fv & taking 50 mm axis project Tv.
circle on Vp while it’s axis makes 450 ( a Rectangle)
with Vp and Fv of the axis 350 with 4.Name
Hp. all points as shown in illustration.
5.Draw 2 Tv making axis 450 to xy And project it’s Fv above xy.
nd
Draw projections.. 6.Make visible lines dark and hidden dotted, as per the procedure.
7.Then construct remaining inclination with Hp
( Fv of axis I.e. center line of view to xy as shown) & project final Tv.

4’
4’d’ d’ 4’
d’ 3’

3’ 1’
1’ a’ c’ a’ c’ 3’ c’
1’
a’ 2’
2’ b’
X b’ 2’ 350 b’ Y
a bd c 450
c

c1
d1
b1
bd

a1
3
a

4
2
24

1 24 3
1
1
Problem 3:A tetrahedron of 50 mm Solution Steps
long edges is resting on one edge on As it is resting assume it standing on Hp.
Hp while one triangular face containing Begin with Tv , an equilateral triangle as side case as shown:
this edge is vertical and 450 inclined to First project base points of Fv on xy, name those & axis line.
Vp. Draw projections. From a’ with TL of edge, 50 mm, cut on axis line & mark o’
(as axis is not known, o’ is finalized by slant edge length)
IMPORTANT: Then complete Fv.
Tetrahedron is a In 2nd Fv make face o’b’c’ vertical as said in problem.
special type And like all previous problems solve completely.
of triangular
pyramid in which
base sides & o’1
slant edges are o’ o’
equal in length. TL
Solid of four faces. a’ a’1
Like cube it is also 90 0

described by One X a’ b’ b ’ c’ b’1

c’ c’1 Y
dimension only.. 450
Axis length c c1 c1
generally not given.
a o o1
a1 o1

b1
b b1 a1
 FREELY SUSPENDED SOLIDS:
Positions of CG, on axis, from base, for different solids are shown below.

H
CG

H/2 CG
H/4

GROUP A SOLIDS GROUP B SOLIDS

( Cylinder & Prisms) ( Cone & Pyramids)
 Solution Steps:
Problem 4: A pentagonal pyramid In all suspended cases axis shows inclination with Hp.
30 mm base sides & 60 mm long axis, 1.Hence assuming it standing on Hp, drew Tv - a regular pentagon,corner case.
is freely suspended from one corner of 2.Project Fv & locate CG position on axis – ( ¼ H from base.) and name g’ and
base so that a plane containing it’s axis Join it with corner d’
remains parallel to Vp. 3.As 2nd Fv, redraw first keeping line g’d’ vertical.
Draw it’s three views. 4.As usual project corresponding Tv and then Side View looking from.

LINE d’g’ VERTICAL d”

o’ d’

c’e’ e” c”
FOR SIDE VIEW
g’
H a’b’
a” b”
g’
H/4 o”
IMPORTANT: a’ b’ c’ e’ d’ Y
X
When a solid is freely e1
e
suspended from a a1
corner, then line a
d1
joining point of o do
1

contact & C.G. b b1

remains vertical. c c1
( Here axis shows
inclination with Hp.)
So in all such cases,
assume solid standing
on Hp initially.)
Problem 5: A right circular cone, This case resembles to problem no.7 & 9 from projections of planes topic.
40 mm base diameter and 60 mm In previous all cases 2nd inclination was done by a parameter not showing TL.Like
long axis is resting on Hp on one Tv of axis is inclined to Vp etc. But here it is clearly said that the axis is 40 0 inclined
point of base circle such that it’s to Vp. Means here TL inclination is expected. So the same construction done in those
axis makes 450 inclination with Problems is done here also. See carefully the final Tv and inclination taken there.
Hp and 400 inclination with Vp. So assuming it standing on HP begin as usual.
Draw it’s projections.

o’ o’1

o’
a’1
h’1

a’
b’1

h ’b
g’1 c’1
’c
’g ’
f’1 d’1
X a’ h’b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’
450 d ’f
’
e’ e’1
y
Axis True Length
g g1 o1 400
h f h1 f1
Axis Tv Length d1 c1
a e a1 1 e1
o1 e1
Locus of
f1 1 b1 Center 1
b1 d1
b d
c c1 g1 a1
h1
Axis Tv Length
Problem 10: A triangular prism,
40 mm base side 60 mm axis
is lying on Hp on one rectangular face
with axis perpendicular to Vp.
One square pyramid is leaning on it’s face F.V.
centrally with axis // to vp. It’s base side is
30 mm & axis is 60 mm long resting on Hp
on one edge of base.Draw FV & TV of
both solids.Project another FV
on an AVP 450 inclined to VP. X Y

1
y
450
Steps :

)
Vp
Draw Fv of lying prism

to
45 0
( an equilateral Triangle)
T.V.

VP
And Fv of a leaning pyramid.

(A
Project Tv of both solids.
Draw x1y1 450 inclined to xy
and project aux.Fv on it. Aux.F.V.
Mark the distances of first FV
from first xy for the distances
of aux. Fv from x1y1 line.
Note the observer’s directions
Shown by arrows and further
steps carefully.
1
X
Problem 6: A frustum of regular hexagonal pyramid is standing on it’s larger base
On Hp with one base side perpendicular to Vp.Draw it’s Fv & Tv.
Project it’s Aux.Tv on an AIP parallel to one of the slant edges showing TL.
Base side is 50 mm long , top side is 30 mm long and 50 mm is height of frustum.

Fv
AIP // to slant edge
1’ 2’5’ 3’4’ Y1
Showing true length
i.e. a’- 1’
4
5
TL

3
1 2

X a’ b’ e’ c’ d’ Y Aux.Tv
e d1
c1
d e1
Tv 5
4 X1 a1 b1
a 1
3
2
c