Sensor Networks

and Internet of
Things

Lecture 1 Overview of IoT

Chen Qian
UC Santa Cruz

Some slides by Prof. Yunhao Liu and Zheng Yang

 Welcome to CE
259!
Class information:
 When: Tu Th 11:40PM-01:15PM.
 Where: Soc Sci 2, 159
 Class Web page:
 https://
cmpe259-spring18-01.courses.soe.ucsc.edu/ho
me
It is your responsibility to read EVERY sentence
on the class website. You also need to check the
website at least twice every week to access timely
updates to the class
1-2
About the Instructor
 Chen Qian.
 Office: E2 231.
 E-mail: qian "at" ucsc.edu
 Office hours: Thursday, 2pm-3pm

1-3
Pre-Requisites
 CMPE 150 or undergrad level
networking course.
 Graduate level computer programming
skills (for project).

1-4
Teaching Assistants

 Xin Li
xli178 at ucsc.edu

1-5
Grading
 Reading reports 20%

 Class presentation
20%

 Midterm 25%

 Course project 35%

1-6
Student Responsibilities
 Attendance.
 Lectures.
 Keep up with material covered in lecture
 Readings (chapters in the book).
 Sample questions.
 Keep up with reading assignments and
project.
 In-class presentation
 Turn in the assignments on time!

1-7
Resources
 Instructor.
 TAs.
 Class Web page.
 Lecture notes will be posted before class.
 Office hours

1-8
Lectures
 The more interactivity, the better!
 Ask questions!
 Or answer my questions.
 Lecture notes:
 Will be posted on-line before
class.
 But…

1-9
Presentation from the paper list

 Please submit your presentation

preference by 4/10, including at least 8
papers from the list below, ordered by
your preference with the 1st to be the
most preferred.

 Prepare your slides and visit me during

the office hour before your
presentation.

Introduction 1-10
Project
 A project will include both

 1. Literature review
 Summarize two recent papers related to
IoT/sensor networks

 2. Innovative ideas
 Better with some simulation results

 Submit your proposal by 5/3

 Need approval from me to continue
1-11
Midterm Exam
 May 17th.

 Close book, can bring one-side

8.5"x11" note

Introduction 1-12
Assignment Submission
 Submit 10 reading reports, among about
20 presentations.

 Submit hardcopy of your reading reports

before every paper presentation.

 Email the project report and code

13
Assignment late submission
policy

 10% deduction for each day late.

14
Administrative Info
 Communication:
 E-mail preferred.
 Send e-mail to both instructor AND TAs.

15
My background
 PhD in Computer Science (2013),
University of Texas at Austin

 Network algorithms, protocols, and

systems
 Routing, switching, management, etc.

 Current focus: Internet of Things,

Software Defined Networking, and
Network Security
16
Roadmap

• 1.1 Origin and progress

• 1.2 Core technologies

• 1.3 Major features

• 1.4 IoT trends

• 1.5 Image the future

17
Origin and progress

The first idea of the IoT emerged in

1995 1990s
The Road Ahead (Bill Gates book),
everything is connected
2005
“ITU Internet Reports”, “The Internet of Things”
Towards ubiquitous IoT

2009 IBM “Smarter Planet”

2009

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Origin and progress ：
diverse sources

• RFID
• In 1999, MIT Auto-ID center, proposed EPC
system and the concept of IoT.
• Pervasive Computing
• Recognition and interconnection
• Embedded Systems
• In late 1990s, sensor networks
• In 2006, NSF workshop on CPS (Cyber-Physical
Systems)

19
Q ： What is IoT ？

• Concept
• In computing, the Internet of Things refers to a
network of objects, such as household
appliances. It is often a self-configuring wireless
network. The concept of the internet of things is
attributed to the original Auto-ID Center,
founded in 1999 and based at the time in MIT.

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Interconnection of
things

Interconnection of things ： Communication between the physical world and the digital world

21
Roadmap

• 1.1 Origin and progress

• 1.2 Core technologies

• 1.3 Major features

• 1.4 IoT trends

• 1.5 Image the future

22
Core technologies

Data analytics→
Interface layer

Data processing→
Service layer

Data transmission→
Networking layer

Data generation→
Sensing layer

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Four layer model for the IoT

Interface layer
Smart Shipping Smart grid Green housing Smart traffic Environment Monitor

Interface layer
Service layer
Intelligent
Data center Search engine Decision Information Data mining
security

Networking layer
Networking layer Wireless WAN Wireless LAN

Sensing layer Internet

Wireless Personal Area Network Wireless LAN

Sensing layer

Smart device Sensor Sensor 24

Core technologies － Sensing layer

RFID

Heterogeneity
Wireless
sensor in data generation

Smart
device

25
Core technologies － Sensing
layer

• Using sensing technologies, "Let the things

talk” is a key phase to aggregate the physical
world and the digital world, it is a unique
feature of the IoT compared with other
networks.

• Devices in the sensing layer, including RFID,

wireless sensors, generate data automatically.
Also smart devices, such as smart phones, pad,
laptops.

• Heterogeneity in the IoT is one of the key

characteristics.

• Sensing layer is the lowest layer and is the

foundation for upper layers. 26
 Sensing technology example ： RFID

• Basic component ： Industry often divides RFID systems into

three major components: tags, readers, and antennas. 。

• Working principle ： The reader sends electronic signals through

the antenna. After the tag receives the signal, it transmits the
internally stored identification information. The reader then
receives and recognizes the information sent back by the tag
through the antenna. Finally, the reader sends the recognition
result to the host.

tag reader antenna

s 27
More in lecture 2
Sensing technology example ：
wireless sensor
networks

• History ： sensor → wireless sensor → wireless

sensor networks （ a multi-hop wireless network
consisting of a large number of micro, low-cost,
low-power sensor nodes ）

wireless
Micro- Commu
Sensor processo nication
r

battery

28
Sensing technology example ：
wireless sensor
networks
• Example ：
• VigilNet: A system developed by the University of Virginia for
military surveillance. Sensor nodes support ad hoc mode
networking and multi-hop transmission.
• Mercury: A wearable medical monitoring sensor developed
by Harvard University. The sensor has features such as
humanized design, high-precision sensing, continuous long-
term data acquisition, etc.
• GreenOrbs ： A forest monitoring sensor network system, can
be used for long-term, large-scale, automated environmental
monitoring tasks.

VigilNet Mercury
29
Sensing technology example ：
localization

• Extension of location information ： spatial →

geographical location + time + object (person
or device) in that geographical location
• Existing approaches
• GPS
• Cell station （ GSM/CDMA/3G ）
• Indoor Precise Positioning
• Challenges of localization for IoT
• Precise positioning in heterogeneous networks and
complex environments
• Large-scale deployment
• Location Based Services
• Information security and privacy issues derived by
location information
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Sensing technology example ：
smart devices

• Traditional smart devices ：

• PC/PDA

• Modern smart devices in IoT ：

• Smart TV （ connected to internet, personalized
experiences ）
• Smart phone, smart thermoset, smart door bell
• Robots
• Etc.

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Core technology － networking
layer

Mobile network Internet Wireless PAN

3G/4G Core network Bluetooth
for IoT ZigBee

Emerging
Wireless Access
Broadband
Visible Light
Wireless Access
Communications,
Wi-Fi
NB-IoT
WiMAX

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Core technology － networking
layer

• The network is one of the most important

infrastructures of the IoT.

• What are the similarities and differences

between the network in IoT and the existing
network? Is IoT the next-generation Internet?
What role does the wireless network play in IoT?

• The networking layer connects the sensing

layer and the service layer. It transfers data
between upper and lower layer in a timely and
secure manner.

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 Q：
How are various networking
technologies applied to IoT ？
• Internet ： The Internet/telecom network is the core network,
platform, and technical support for the IoT.
• Broadband wireless network ： WiFi/WiMAX cover a wide range
and have a fast transmission speed, providing the IoT with a
high-speed, reliable and inexpensive network that do not have
restrictions in accessing location.
• Wireless personal area network ： ZigBee/Bluetooth can adapt to
the features in the IoT, such as low speed, low communication
range, low computational power, and low energy consumption.
• Mobile network ： The mobile network enable data transmission
at anytime, and anywhere. Its high-speed, real-time, high
coverage, heterogeneous multimedia data processing is a
foundation for the IoT.
• Emerging Wireless Access ： 60GHz millimeter-wave
communication, visible light communication, and low-power
wide-area networks (such as LoRa and NB-IoT) address the
limited spectrum resources and diverse requirements for the IoT.
34
Core technology － service layer

• Service layer locates above the sensing layer

and the networking layer, and under the
interface layer. The service layer is the source
of the wisdom for the IoT, as in smart traffic,
smart shipping, smart housing, etc.
• The service layer addresses how the data is
stored, retrieved, utilized, and how to avoid
data abuse.

35
Service layer ：
IoT and big data

• The IoT will become one of important sources of big data, and
big data will also provide strong support for the development of
the IoT.
• Networked storage is a way to store large-scale data.
• Challenge ： Can only meet requirements for medium-size
business
• Data center not only includes the servers and associated
equipment (such as communication/storage equipment), but
also has redundant data communication links/environmental
control equipment/monitoring equipment and safety devices. It
is a large-scale system engineering. It provides timely and
continuous data services with a high security guarantee and
reliability for IoT applications.
• Google data center

36
Google data center

Servers and networks in data Cooling system

center
（ Blue pipe is cold water, red pipe is heated
（ Yellow cables are fiber ） water after cooling ）

37
Service layer ：
cloud computing
• Cloud computing provides three levels of services for the
information industry and the IoT ：
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• Platform as a Service (PaaS)
• Software as a Service (SaaS ）
• Cloud storage provides universal access to the data, which
greatly simplifies cross-device management and data
consistency maintenance.
• Cloud download uses cloud storage to ensure data health and
increase data transmission rates, thereby providing high-quality
download services and reducing user-side energy consumption.

• With cloud computing, users can flexibly lease cloud computing

services, avoid infrastructure investment, and save the money
and time for providing customers with better IoT services,
making the IoT more popular and efficient.
38
Service layer ：
security and privacy

• RFID security
• Major security and privacy risks: eavesdropping, tracking, man-in-
the-middle attacks, spoofing/replaying/cloning, physical cracking,
data tampering, denial of service attacks, RFID viruses...

• Location privacy
• Definition: The ability of the users to control his/her own location
information: The user is free to decide whether to publish location
information, who to publish information to, how to publish it, and
how detailed the published information is.

39
 Core technology － interface
layer
• “Practice makes perfect”, practice is the key to
success. The rich content of the IoT has lead to a
wider variety of applications.

Increasing of networked application

A network of computers to a
network of things

Tracking
Context-Aware
WWW Automatic recognition
E-commerce Smart grid
Video on Smart traffic
Data Demand Smart shipping
transmission Online game Green housing
E-mail Social network …
… …

Computer-computer person-person thing-thing

Time
1996 2006

40
Roadmap

• 1.1 Origin and progress

• 1.2 Core technologies

• 1.3 Major features

• 1.4 IoT trends

• 1.5 Image the future

41
Major features

• Large-scale networked devices

• In the IoT era, everything can talk and becomes a
network terminal. Within 5-10 years, the scale of
networked terminals is expected to exceed 10 billion.
• Universal sensing
• Ubiquitous sensing integrates the traditionally
separated physical world and digital world.
• Interconnected heterogeneous device
• A variety of heterogeneous devices use wireless
communication modules and protocols to form a self-
organizing network. Heterogeneous networks are
interconnected through a "gateway."

42
Major features

• Smart management
• The IoT organizes large-scale data efficiently and
reliably. At the same time, decision-making tools such
as operations research, machine learning, data
mining, and expert systems will be widely applied.

• Chained application Service

• Taking industrial production as an example, the IoT
technology covers everything from the introduction of
raw materials, production scheduling, energy
conservation and emission reduction, warehousing
logistics to product sales, and after-sales services.

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