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Lesson 9 Enzymes

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16 views

Lesson 9 Enzymes

Uploaded by

munozpaulanthony
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Structures and

Functions of an
Enzymes
General Biology 1
Enzymes
* Enzymes are biological catalysts that
speed up the rate of biochemical reaction
* Most enzymes are three dimensional
globular proteins (tertiary and quaternary).
• Some special RNA species also act as
enzymes and are called Ribozymes
e.g. hammerhead ribozyme.
Enzymes
-An enzyme is named according to the name of
the substrate it catalyzes
-Some enzymes were named before a
systematic way of naming enzyme was formed
Example: pepsin, trypsin, and rennin
-By adding suffix –ase at the end of the name
of substrate, enzymes are named
Example: maltose is the substrate, its
enzyme is maltase
Structures of an Enzymes
1.ACTIVE SITE- the part of an
enzyme that directly binds to a
substrate and carries a reaction.
*Binding site- it chooses the
substrate and binds it to active site.
*Catalytic Site- it performs the
catalytic action of enzyme
Structures of an Enzymes
2.SUBSTRATE- a substance which
an enzyme acts on to produce a
chemical reaction.
*When a substrate binds to an
enzyme it forms an enzyme-
substrate complex.
How Enzymes Work: LOCK AND
KEY MODEL
It is a model for enzyme-substrate
interaction suggesting that the enzyme and
the substrate possess specific complementary
geometric shapes that fit exactly into one
another.
How Enzymes Work: LOCK AND
KEY MODEL
How Enzymes Work: INDUCED-FIT
MODEL
It states a substrate binds to an active site
and both change shape slightly, creating an
ideal fit for catalysis
How Enzymes Work: INDUCED-FIT
MODEL
REDOX REACTION

Losing Electron- OXIDATION (Reducing Agent)


Gaining Electron- REDUCTION (Oxidizing Agent)
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity:
Temperature
1. At 0 Celsius, enzymes are inactivated
but not denatured
2. Between 0 Celsius and the optimal
temperature of an enzyme, the rate
of reaction increases with
temperature
3. The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed
reaction increases with temperature
up to a point called optimum
temperature
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity: Temperature
5. The optimal temperature of enzymes from
different organisms differs
6. Heating increases the kinetic energy of
enzyme and substrate molecules and
therefore they move quickly
7. Beyond the optimum temperature, the
forces that hold the enzyme structure
weakens and the shape of the enzyme
changes
8. At very high temperatures, the enzymes is
denatured
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity: pH
1. Enzymes function efficiently over a particular pH range
at a constant temperature
2. Most enzymes works best when pH value is between 6
and 8
3. The optimum pH value for an enzyme is the pH which
the maximum rate of reaction occurs
4. (a.) As the pH is lowered; acidity increases, and the
concentration of H+ ions increase
(b.) The increase in positive ions disrupts the ionic bond
(c.) if the pH change is extreme, the enzyme is denatured
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity: pH
5. (a.) Changes in pH also causes
changes to the charges found at
the active site and on the
substrate.
(b.) this will affect the ability of
the substrate to fit into the active
site.
6. The effects of pH are normally
reversible, at least for the pH
values that are within the limits.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity:
Substrate Concentration
1. (a.) At lower substrate concentration, the rate of reaction is
directly proportional to the substrate concentration
(b.) At higher substrate concentration, the rate of reaction
becomes constant
2. (a.) As the substrate concentration increases, the number of
enzyme active sites would also increases until there are no
more free active sites
(b.) Any further increases in the substrate concentration will
not increase the initial rate of reaction.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity:
Substrate Concentration

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