Engine Components
Engine Components
COMPONENTS
Main components of
engine
• Cylinder Head
• cylinder block
• Piston, piston rings, piston pin
• Connecting rod
• Crank shaft
• Main Bearings
Engine Components
Basic components
Cylinder head
Cylinder head
• It provides the mounting for various components such as inlet and outlet
exhaust valves and ducts, spark plugs, fuel injectors, and camshafts.
• In addition, it gives way to coolant, oil, and combustion gases.
• The cylinder block absorbs the heat produced by the engine and, therefore,
generates cooling to prevent engine failure.
• It seals the combustion chamber and serves as the engine’s mechanical
control powerhouse.
• It also takes away the compression resulting from the combustion pressure.
Cylinder block
Cylinder block
• cylinder block is a structure that contains the cylinders, and other engine
parts of an internal combustion engine.
• The engine block is designed to withstand a variety of temperatures and load
so as to maintain the stability and lubrication of the engine.
• Body of an engine containing the cylinders.
• Normally made of ALUMINUM or CAST IRON.
• Old engine also have a case for water jackets.
Cylinder block
Functions of a cylinder block:
One of the greatest function of a cylinder block is that it enclosed the piston,
connecting rod, and crankshaft. Their working takes place inside the block.
The block supports the components of the engine including the auxiliary
devices.
Devices such as A/C compressor, alternator, intake and exhaust manifold, etc.
It features the parts for lubrication circle such as oil pan, oil pump, oil filter etc.
Also, play a vital role in the cooling circuit.
Cylinder liner
Cylinder liner
• It is a cylinder that is fitted to the engine block to form the cylinder, and is one
critical function part that forms the engine interior.
• FUNCTIONS
1.form the sliding surface
Cylinder liner
2.heat conduction 3.Air tightness
Crank case
Crank case
• The crankcase is the body that holds all of the inner components of the engine
together.
• The crankcase is formed by a section of the cylinder block below the cylinder
bore and an engraved or cast metal oil pan that forms the lower skirt of the
engine and also acts as a reservoir or sump of lubricating oil.
• The crankcase is a central component of the engine.
• Contains the entire crank mechanism, including pistons, cylinders, and
connecting rods.
• Accessories, gearbox, and engine control with cylinder head are mounted on
the crankcase.
Crank case
Parts of the Crankcase:
Upper Crankcase
Lower Crankcase
Valve
Upper Crankcase:
• This is the top of the crankcase.
• Equipped with a camshaft and valve mechanism.
• There are holes for the intake and exhaust manifolds where the valves and
valve leads are located.
• The camshaft is connected to the crankshaft via the engine belt or chain drive
Crank case
Lower Crankcase:
It is bolted directly to the engine block.
The lower crankcase supports the crankshaft of the engine mounted on the case,
and the case is submerged in oil to cool and lubricate the shaft.
The crankshaft is mounted using thrust bearings that keep the crankshaft in place.
One end of the crankshaft carries a dead load that spills oil on the crankshaft as it
spins inside the crankcase.
Valve:
The valve is mounted at the bottom.
This valve is used to change the oil. When opened, gravity causes the oil to run
down.
Crank case
Functions of crank case:
• function of the crankcase is to protect the crankshaft and connecting rod from
dirt.
• In a simple two-stroke engine, the crankcase has several functions and is used
as a pressure chamber for the air-fuel mixture.
• In the more complex 4-stroke design, the pistons seal the fuel-air mixture and
instead serve primarily to store and circulate the oil.
• It also acts as a safety feature to keep people away from moving
Piston
Piston
• pistons help in the transformation of heat energy into mechanical work and vice
versa. It moves upward and downward inside the cylinder in order to expand
and contracts air-fuel mixture.
• PISTON is made up of cast iron, steel or Aluminium .
• Aluminum piston are light . Used for light engine.
Major parts of piston:
Piston skirt
Piston rings
Piston bearings
Piston pin
Piston head
Piston
Piston skirt:
• A piston skirt is a cylindrical material attached on the round portion of a piston.
• It is usually made from cast iron in order to resist wears and its self-lubricating
properties.
• There are grooves on the skirt that allows piston rings to perfectly sit.
• The function of the piston skirt is to travels up and down the cylinder.
Piston
Piston rings:
• Piston rings are the pieces of split rings that are mounted on a recess area of the
piston.
• There are usually three piston rings in an engine.
• Sometimes the ring can be one, depending on the engine type.
Piston
Piston bearings:
• The bearings are great piston parts that aid the effectiveness of the movement.
• It’s located at the points the pivotal rotation occurs.
• These bearings are usually semicircular metal pieces that fit in the bores of
these points.
Piston
Piston pin:
• The piston pin is a piston part that is also known as a wrist pin or gudgeon pin.
• This pin is the hollow or solid shaft in the skirt section.
• There is a piston rod pivoted on this pin, held in the piston ring bushing.
• The function of the piston pin is to offer bearing support so the piston can function
properly.
Piston
Piston head:
• This part of a piston is also known as a crown or dome, which is the top surface.
• It’s the part that contacts the combustion gases, making it to experience an
extremely high temperature.
• The function of the piston is to receive pressures, temperatures, and other stresses
of the expanding gas.
Piston
• 2.Big End
The end at which the connecting rod is attached to the side of the crank pin is known as
big end of the connecting rod.
• 3. Bush Bearing
Both ends of the connecting rod are fixed with a bush bearing.
A phosphor bronze bush is fitted with the solid eye is attached to the small end of the
connecting rod.
The Big end is attached to the crankpin.
The end is divided into two parts and is supported over the crank bearing shell.
Connecting Rod
• 4. Bearing Insert
In the big end of the connecting rod, there is a bearing insert that is connected to the
bearing cap, it is known as a bearing insert.
These are made in two parts that fit together on the crankshaft.
This is the position where the connecting rod travels along the reverse direction.
• 6. Shank
Furthermore, each of the bolt and nuts are employed to connect both the
connecting rod and bearing cap.
And a section beam is applied it is known as shank.
Connecting Rod
• 7.Wrist Pin
The engine piston is connected to the connecting rod with the help of a hollow
hardened steel tube called wrist pin.
It is also known as gudgeon pin.
Wrist pin goes through the short end of the connecting rod and pivots on the
engaged piston.
8.Bearing Cap
Shell bearings have an adjustment for wear, but it controls the running and the
side clearance allows the bearing cap to be tightened correctly.
Connecting Rod
Functions of Connecting rod:
• The primary function of a connecting rod is to create a link between the piston
and crankshaft so as to transmit power.
• The connecting rod help to deliver lubricating oil to the cylinder walls and wrist
pin or gudgeon pin.
Crank shaft
Crank shaft
• A crankshaft is a rotating shaft that converts reciprocating motion of a piston
into a rotational motion
• Crankshafts consist of series of cranks and crankpins to which the connecting
rods are attached.
• crankshaft with at least one shaft rotates within the engine block. It rotates
using the main bearings. The crankpins rotate within the connecting rods using
rod bearings.
• Crankshafts are usually made from metal like cast iron. Molten metal is poured
in a mold during the process (Casting).
• Modern crankshafts are made from forged steel which are used in some
performance engines.
Crank shaft
• Crankshaft Components:
Main Journals
Crank pins
Crank webs
Counterweights
Crank shaft
• Main journals carry the main bearings and declare the axis of rotation of the
shaft.
• Crankpins allows the connecting rod to be attached to it.
• Crank webs connect the crankpins to the main journals.
• Counterweights offers balancing and are mounted to the webs.
Crank shaft
Functions of crank shaft:
• The functions of crankshafts are to give a smoother drive to the vast motors
with multi-cylinders.
• Linear motion of the pistons which is changed into rotational motion
• The crankshaft’s shaft is bored with some holes that feeds the motor with oil.
This oil smoothens the movement.
• The counterweights aid the adjustment of the framework and the heaviness of
the connecting rod.
• Crankshafts also function as load bearing as some load is withstand during the
process. One of the load is the severe bending and torsional stress.
Relation between piston
connecting rod & crank shaft
Bearings
Bearings
• Bearings are one of the most commonly used machine parts because their rolling motion
make almost all movements easier and they help reduce friction.
TYPES OF BEARINGS:
• Radial bearings and axial bearings can transmit loads in a radial direction or an axial
direction (thrust) and in many cases there is a combination of both radial and axial loads
to transmit.
Bearings
• FUNCTIONS OF BEARINGS:
• Friction reduction and ensuring ease rotation
• Bearing protect the part that supports the rotation and maintain the position
of the shaft