ENGINE

COMPONENTS
Main components of
engine
• Cylinder Head
• cylinder block
• Piston, piston rings, piston pin
• Connecting rod
• Crank shaft
• Main Bearings
Engine Components
Basic components
Cylinder head
 Cylinder head

• Part that covers and encloses the Cylinder.

• Forms the top of the combustion chamber
• It contains cooling fins or water jackets and the valves.
• Some engines contains the cam shaft in the cylinder head.
Cylinder head
Following are the parts of the cylinder head:
Head gasket
Intake and exhaust ports
Head valves
Head combustion chamber
Spark plugs
Fuel injectors
Head camshaft
Additional cylinder head parts
1.Head Gasket
• These are located between the cylinder head and the engine block.
• A head gasket is bolted on top of the engine housing.
• These gaskets act as a seal between the cylinder head and the engine block.
• This prevents the oil and engine coolant from leaking or mixing.
2. Intake and Exhaust
Ports
• The intake and exhaust ports are part of the cylinder head.
• The intake port is meant to circulate air through a channel into the cylinder head and
combustion chamber.
• After the combustion process, the gases are removed from the combustion chamber by the
exhaust port.
• This avoids the build-up of internal pressure, which can result in an explosion.
3.Head Valves
• An engine has valves to close and open, the purpose of which is to stop or prevent
the entry of air and fuel into the combustion chamber.
• In an internal combustion engine, each cylinder has two valves – the intake valve is
usually larger and the exhaust valve is smaller.
4.Head Combustion
Chamber
• The head combustion chamber is called the core of the engine.
• In which the air-fuel mixture burns to generate the power to move the vehicle.
• Combustion chambers are available in various shapes and sizes.
• Well, it depends on the engine that you have and the application of the vehicle.
5.Spark Plugs
• The spark plug provides power to the combustion chamber to ignite the air/fuel
mixture.
• Plugs are mounted on the cylinder heads, their tips leading directly to the
combustion chamber.
• They are usually threaded to ensure an airtight seal.
6.Fuel Injectors
• You will also find fuel injectors on the cylinder head cover.
• In a diesel engine, injectors push the fuel into the combustion chamber by an
injection pump.
7.Head Camshaft
• The cylinder head also includes the camshaft.
• In this, the camshaft operates to open and close the valves.
• The crankshaft is one of the engine block components, uses a belt to drive the cylinder
head camshaft.
Function of Cylinder Head

• It provides the mounting for various components such as inlet and outlet
exhaust valves and ducts, spark plugs, fuel injectors, and camshafts.
• In addition, it gives way to coolant, oil, and combustion gases.
• The cylinder block absorbs the heat produced by the engine and, therefore,
generates cooling to prevent engine failure.
• It seals the combustion chamber and serves as the engine’s mechanical
control powerhouse.
• It also takes away the compression resulting from the combustion pressure.
Cylinder block
Cylinder block
• cylinder block is a structure that contains the cylinders, and other engine
parts of an internal combustion engine.
• The engine block is designed to withstand a variety of temperatures and load
so as to maintain the stability and lubrication of the engine.
• Body of an engine containing the cylinders.
• Normally made of ALUMINUM or CAST IRON.
• Old engine also have a case for water jackets.
Cylinder block
Functions of a cylinder block:
One of the greatest function of a cylinder block is that it enclosed the piston,
connecting rod, and crankshaft. Their working takes place inside the block.
The block supports the components of the engine including the auxiliary
devices.
Devices such as A/C compressor, alternator, intake and exhaust manifold, etc.
It features the parts for lubrication circle such as oil pan, oil pump, oil filter etc.
Also, play a vital role in the cooling circuit.
Cylinder liner
Cylinder liner
• It is a cylinder that is fitted to the engine block to form the cylinder, and is one
critical function part that forms the engine interior.
• FUNCTIONS
1.form the sliding surface
 Cylinder liner
2.heat conduction 3.Air tightness
Crank case
Crank case
• The crankcase is the body that holds all of the inner components of the engine
together.
• The crankcase is formed by a section of the cylinder block below the cylinder
bore and an engraved or cast metal oil pan that forms the lower skirt of the
engine and also acts as a reservoir or sump of lubricating oil.
• The crankcase is a central component of the engine.
• Contains the entire crank mechanism, including pistons, cylinders, and
connecting rods.
• Accessories, gearbox, and engine control with cylinder head are mounted on
the crankcase.
Crank case
Parts of the Crankcase:
 Upper Crankcase
 Lower Crankcase
 Valve
Upper Crankcase:
• This is the top of the crankcase.
• Equipped with a camshaft and valve mechanism.
• There are holes for the intake and exhaust manifolds where the valves and
valve leads are located.
• The camshaft is connected to the crankshaft via the engine belt or chain drive
Crank case
Lower Crankcase:
 It is bolted directly to the engine block.
 The lower crankcase supports the crankshaft of the engine mounted on the case,
and the case is submerged in oil to cool and lubricate the shaft.
 The crankshaft is mounted using thrust bearings that keep the crankshaft in place.
 One end of the crankshaft carries a dead load that spills oil on the crankshaft as it
spins inside the crankcase.
Valve:
 The valve is mounted at the bottom.
 This valve is used to change the oil. When opened, gravity causes the oil to run
down.
Crank case
Functions of crank case:
• function of the crankcase is to protect the crankshaft and connecting rod from
dirt.
• In a simple two-stroke engine, the crankcase has several functions and is used
as a pressure chamber for the air-fuel mixture.
• In the more complex 4-stroke design, the pistons seal the fuel-air mixture and
instead serve primarily to store and circulate the oil.
• It also acts as a safety feature to keep people away from moving
Piston
 Piston

• pistons help in the transformation of heat energy into mechanical work and vice
versa. It moves upward and downward inside the cylinder in order to expand
and contracts air-fuel mixture.
• PISTON is made up of cast iron, steel or Aluminium .
• Aluminum piston are light . Used for light engine.
Major parts of piston:
 Piston skirt
 Piston rings
 Piston bearings
 Piston pin
 Piston head
Piston

Piston skirt:
• A piston skirt is a cylindrical material attached on the round portion of a piston.
• It is usually made from cast iron in order to resist wears and its self-lubricating
properties.
• There are grooves on the skirt that allows piston rings to perfectly sit.
• The function of the piston skirt is to travels up and down the cylinder.
Piston

Piston rings:
• Piston rings are the pieces of split rings that are mounted on a recess area of the
piston.
• There are usually three piston rings in an engine.
• Sometimes the ring can be one, depending on the engine type.
Piston

Piston bearings:
• The bearings are great piston parts that aid the effectiveness of the movement.
• It’s located at the points the pivotal rotation occurs.
• These bearings are usually semicircular metal pieces that fit in the bores of
these points.
Piston
Piston pin:
• The piston pin is a piston part that is also known as a wrist pin or gudgeon pin.
• This pin is the hollow or solid shaft in the skirt section.
• There is a piston rod pivoted on this pin, held in the piston ring bushing.
• The function of the piston pin is to offer bearing support so the piston can function
properly.
Piston

Piston head:
• This part of a piston is also known as a crown or dome, which is the top surface.
• It’s the part that contacts the combustion gases, making it to experience an
extremely high temperature.
• The function of the piston is to receive pressures, temperatures, and other stresses
of the expanding gas.
Piston

Functions of a piston in internal combustion engines:

 The major function of piston is to transfer the force output of a small gas
explosion in the cylinder to a crankshaft.
 This provides rotational momentum to a flywheel.
 It moves forward so that gases can be compressed and explosion can occur for
the backward movement.
 The piston contains a pin called piston pin, it allows the gas in the chamber
from escaping.
 A connecting rod attached to the piston’s bottom allows the mechanical work
to be transferred.
Connecting Rod
Connecting Rod
• A connecting rod converts the linear up and down movement or
reciprocating motion of the piston into circular motion of the crankshaft.

• It experiences tension, compression bending and buckling during the

process.

• Usually made of STEEL or ALLOY FORGED,but in small engine it can be made

of ALUMINIUM.
Connecting Rod
• Parts of connecting rod:
 Small End
 Big End
 Bush
 Bearing inserts
 Bolt and Nut
 Shank
 Wrist pin
 Bearing cap
Connecting Rod
• 1.Small End
 The end at which the connecting rod is attached to the face of the piston pin is known
as the small end of the connecting rod.

• 2.Big End
 The end at which the connecting rod is attached to the side of the crank pin is known as
big end of the connecting rod.

• 3. Bush Bearing
 Both ends of the connecting rod are fixed with a bush bearing.
 A phosphor bronze bush is fitted with the solid eye is attached to the small end of the
connecting rod.
 The Big end is attached to the crankpin.
 The end is divided into two parts and is supported over the crank bearing shell.
Connecting Rod
• 4. Bearing Insert
 In the big end of the connecting rod, there is a bearing insert that is connected to the
bearing cap, it is known as a bearing insert.
 These are made in two parts that fit together on the crankshaft.
 This is the position where the connecting rod travels along the reverse direction.

• 5. Bolt and Nut

 After the connecting rod is fitted with the crank at the bottom, both sides of the big ends
are fastened by some bolts and nuts.
 Thus, by combining these all components the connecting rod is ready to use

• 6. Shank
 Furthermore, each of the bolt and nuts are employed to connect both the
connecting rod and bearing cap.
 And a section beam is applied it is known as shank.

Connecting Rod
• 7.Wrist Pin
 The engine piston is connected to the connecting rod with the help of a hollow
hardened steel tube called wrist pin.
 It is also known as gudgeon pin.
 Wrist pin goes through the short end of the connecting rod and pivots on the
engaged piston.
8.Bearing Cap
 Shell bearings have an adjustment for wear, but it controls the running and the
side clearance allows the bearing cap to be tightened correctly.
Connecting Rod
Functions of Connecting rod:
• The primary function of a connecting rod is to create a link between the piston
and crankshaft so as to transmit power.
• The connecting rod help to deliver lubricating oil to the cylinder walls and wrist
pin or gudgeon pin.
Crank shaft
Crank shaft
• A crankshaft is a rotating shaft that converts reciprocating motion of a piston
into a rotational motion
• Crankshafts consist of series of cranks and crankpins to which the connecting
rods are attached.
• crankshaft with at least one shaft rotates within the engine block. It rotates
using the main bearings. The crankpins rotate within the connecting rods using
rod bearings.
• Crankshafts are usually made from metal like cast iron. Molten metal is poured
in a mold during the process (Casting).
• Modern crankshafts are made from forged steel which are used in some
performance engines.
Crank shaft
• Crankshaft Components:
 Main Journals
 Crank pins
 Crank webs
 Counterweights
Crank shaft
• Main journals carry the main bearings and declare the axis of rotation of the
shaft.
• Crankpins allows the connecting rod to be attached to it.
• Crank webs connect the crankpins to the main journals.
• Counterweights offers balancing and are mounted to the webs.
Crank shaft
Functions of crank shaft:
• The functions of crankshafts are to give a smoother drive to the vast motors
with multi-cylinders.
• Linear motion of the pistons which is changed into rotational motion
• The crankshaft’s shaft is bored with some holes that feeds the motor with oil.
This oil smoothens the movement.
• The counterweights aid the adjustment of the framework and the heaviness of
the connecting rod.
• Crankshafts also function as load bearing as some load is withstand during the
process. One of the load is the severe bending and torsional stress.
Relation between piston
connecting rod & crank shaft
Bearings
Bearings
• Bearings are one of the most commonly used machine parts because their rolling motion
make almost all movements easier and they help reduce friction.

TYPES OF BEARINGS:
• Radial bearings and axial bearings can transmit loads in a radial direction or an axial
direction (thrust) and in many cases there is a combination of both radial and axial loads
to transmit.
Bearings
• FUNCTIONS OF BEARINGS:
• Friction reduction and ensuring ease rotation
• Bearing protect the part that supports the rotation and maintain the position
of the shaft