INTRODUCTION TO

AUTOMOBILE
Overview of the course
Course Outcomes:

C01 Identify the systems and sub-systems of a typical automobile

C02 Analyze prime movers based on their configuration

C03 Examine advanced cooling, lubrication, power transmission systems

and
components
C04 Interpret advanced concepts in Steering, Suspension and Braking
systems
C05 Adapt recent innovations in automobile sector like wheels, tires, air
conditioning and lighting.
 Syllabus
⮚ Introduction: Overview of the course, Examination and Evaluation patterns,
History of Automobiles, Classification of Automobiles.
⮚ Ignition, Lubricating and cooling systems: Types of ignition system, electronic
ignition system, components of ignition system, starting system, Functions &
properties of lubricants, methods of lubrication-splash type, pressure type, dry
sump, and wet sump & mist lubrication. Oil filters, oil pumps, oil coolers.
Characteristics of an effective cooling system, types of cooling system, radiator,
thermostat, air cooling & water cooling.
⮚ Automotive air conditioning: ventilation, heating, air condition, refrigerant,
compressor and evaporator.
⮚ Clutch: Function, operation, types, relative merits, clutch linkages, design
problems.
⮚ Transmission (gear box)- function, working, types, gear shift mechanism,
limitation of manual transmission, epicyclic gear train, automatic transmission,
design problems, propeller shafts, drive line types, differential, front and rear
axles, rear axle mountings.
⮚ Steering System: wheel geometry, functions of steering mechanism, steering
gear box types, power steering systems.
⮚ Braking and suspension system: functions and classification of brakes,
operation of brake actuation mechanism, disc brakes, constructional and
operation of ABS, Types of springs shock observers, objectives and types of
suspension system, rear axles suspension, independent suspension system.
⮚ Wheels and tyres: Wheel assembly, types of wheels, wheel rims. Construction of
tyre, tyre treads and tyre specifications
INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMOBILE

⮚ An ‘automobile’ is a self-propelled vehicle driven by an internal combustion

engine and is used for transportation of passengers and goods on ground.
Examples: Bus, car, jeep, truck, tractor, scooter, motor cycle.
⮚ The modern automobile, in general is essentially a transportation equipment unit.
⮚ It consists of a frame supporting the body and certain power developing and
transmitting units which are further supported by tyres and wheels through
springs and axles.
⮚ An ‘engine’ supplies the power, which is delivered by the ‘transmission system’ to the
wheels through the clutch or fluid coupling.
 History of Automobiles
⮚ The famous years in early automobile history are as follows:

Year Event
1769 French engineer Captain Nicholas Cugnot of France built the first
road vehicle propelled by its own power (Attained a speed of about
2.5. m.p.h. in 15 minutes).
1801 First steam carriage built by Richard Trevithick in England.

1804 Oliver Evans built the finest American self-propelled steam vehicle.
Year Event
1827 Onesiphare Pacqueur of France invented first differential.

1832 First 3-speed Transmission patented by W.H. James in England.

1880 German and French efforts developed an internal combustion engine vehicle
(which was used to carry fruits). The present day automobile is the development
of this vehicle.

1885 Benz in Germany developed tricycle propelled by an internal combustion engine.

1886 One of the first gasoline engine powered automobiles by Gottlieb Daimler of
Germany.
Year Event

1894 Panhard and Levassor in France developed a car which incorporated the
chief features of the modern automobile

1895 First motor car race held.

1897 First car arrived in India.

1900 The design of the automobile was so improved that it awakened the
public to the fact that this new form of transportation was really practical
for use.

1902 First volume of production car "The Curved Dash Oldsmobile" in

America.
Year Event

1906 The production and sale of these vehicles became a business.

1908 Ford "T" model car produced in America by Ford Motor Company
(Ford started his model with an initial run of 20000 vehicles, an
output unheard at that time)

1911 First electric self-starter installed in the automobile.

1920 There was a gradual change and refinement in automobile design.

Classification of Automobiles

• Purpose Drive
Passenger Carriers- Car,Bus. Left Hand
Goods Carrier- Truck Right Hand
• Fuel Used Number Of Wheels
Petrol vehicle Two Wheeler
Diesel vehicle Three Wheeler
Gas vehicle Four Wheeler
Electric Construction
Steam Single Unit
Articulated- Trailer, Tractors.
• Capacity:
(1) HTV (Heavy Transport Vehicles)-Trucks, Buses, Dumpers.
(2) LTV (Light Transport Vehicles)-Pick up, Station wagon.
(3) LMV (Light Motor Vehicles)- Jeep, Cars.
• Suspension system:
(1)Conventional -Leaf spring.
(2)Independent-Coil spring, Torsion bar, Pneumatic.
• Transmission:
(1) Conventional
(2) Semi-automatic
(3) Automatic
 Main units of automobile
⮚ Every automobile consists of the following two main parts:
1. Machine portion
2. Carriage portion i.e. Body.
⮚ Machine Portion
Every automobile irrespective of its country of manufacture or model
consists of the following three basic units:
1.Chassis and transmission
2. Engine
3. Electrical equipment.
Parts Of An Automobile
 Chassis
⮚ This part of the automobile supports its body, engine and transmission
system.
⮚ The automotive chassis includes the following:-The frame, Springs
shock absorbers ,Steering system, Brakes , Tyres and wheels.
⮚ In most passenger cars through the middle of the 20th century, a pressed
steel frame I.e., the vehicle’s chassis formed a skeleton on which the
engine, wheels, axle assemblies, transmission, steering mechanism,
brakes, and suspension members were mounted.
⮚ The body was flexibly bolted to the chassis during a manufacturing
process typically referred to as body-on-frame construction.
⮚ This process is used today for heavy-duty vehicles, such as trucks, which
benefit from having a strong central frame, subjected to the forces
involved in such activities as carrying freight, including the absorption of
the movements of the engine and axle that is allowed by the combination
of body and frame.
⮚ In modern passenger-car designs, the chassis frame and the body are combined
into a single structural element. In this arrangement, called unit-body (or
unibody) construction.
⮚ The steel body shell is reinforced with braces that make it rigid enough to resist
the forces that are applied to it.
⮚ Separate frames or partial stub frames have been used for some cars to achieve
better noise-isolation characteristics.
⮚ The heavier-gauge steel present in modern component designs also tends to
absorb energy during impacts and limit intrusion in accidents.
 Transmission
⮚ This unit transmits the power from the engine to the wheels.
⮚ It consists of the following:-
1.Clutch
2.Gear box
3.Universal joint
4.Final drive
5.Axles and differential
• Types Of Transmission
1.Manual
2.Automatic
3.IMT (Intelligent Manual Transmission)
4.CVT (Continuosly Variable Transmission)
5.DTC (Dual Clutch Transmission)
 Engine

⮚ An engine in an automobile is the source of power. A petrol engine consists of the

following four basic system.
(i) Fuel system-This system mixes petrol with air in the right proportion to
give a mixture which when burnt produces pressure. This
pressure is then used to move the piston(s).
(ii) Ignition system- This system of the engine provides regular sparks to
set fire to the mixture coming from the fuel system.
(iii) Lubricating system-This system lubricates the moving parts of the
engine so that they can work smoothly.
(iv) Cooling system-This system with the help to cools the engine and
prevents it from getting hot. Diesel engines
incorporating similar/different systems are also
used in automobiles.
 Body or Carriage Portion
⮚ It is that portion of an automobile where passengers have their seats or where the
cargo to be carried is placed.
⮚ The body is designed according to the nature of cargo to be carried. The body of a
passenger carrier is much different from the body of a load carrier, i.e., truck.
⮚ Its design depends upon the utility for which the vehicle is meant for. It is made
of either wood and steel or steel alone.
⮚ Modern research has led to the development of plastic body.In trucks, tractors
and certain other vehicles, a separate cabin know as 'Cab' is provided for the
driver where the instrument panel and controls are housed.
 Electrical equipment
⮚ The automotive electrical system consists of the following:
1.The battery.
2.Dynamo.
3.Alternators.
4.The ignition starting and lighting systems.
⮚ This system starts the engine when the ignition switch is turned on. It makes the spark that ignite
the compressed air-fuel mixture.
⮚ It also operates the electric gauge head lights, indicator lights, brake lights, parking lights, wipers
and also radio and cassette recorders if fitted in cars.
 Different system of automobiles
⮚ A modern car is a very complex machine made up of hundreds of constituent parts
all working together in perfect harmony.
⮚ When speaking about the primary functions of a vehicle, there are 9 general
automotive systems that allow a car to perform all-around.
⮚ Though each system interacts closely with one or more other systems, the duties
that are carried out individually by each are very specialized and crucial to the
performance, safety, and overall health of a car.
1. The Engine
⮚ As the source of the power that ultimately turns the wheels and propels the vehicle
forward, the engine is, in many ways, the star of the show.
⮚ The majority of cars on the roads today have internal combustion engines which
draw fuel into cylinders, ignite the fuel, and convert the resulting heat energy into
a force that creates motion.
⮚ The engine system also includes lubrication and cooling components as well.
 2. The Fuel System
⮚ The fuel system is made up of the components tasked with delivering fuel from
the tank to the engine.
⮚ Such components include the fuel pump, fuel lines, a fuel pressure regulator, fuel
filter, and fuel injectors.
3. The Ignition System
⮚ The sole duty of the ignition system is to generate a very high voltage from the
battery, sending it straight to the sparkplug in order to ignite the fuel-air mixture
in the engine.
⮚ The main components of this system include the ignition switch, the battery, the
coil, the camshaft, and the rotor arm.
 4. The Electrical System
⮚ The electrical system consists primarily of the battery, starter, and alternator.
⮚ The battery acts as a power storage unit while the alternator sends power back
into the battery from the running engine keeping it charged.
5. The Exhaust System
⮚ When the engine is running, it produces a lot of waste also known as exhaust.
⮚ Some substances within the exhaust are harmful to both people and the
environment.
⮚ The exhaust system, composted of the exhaust manifold, oxygen sensors,
catalytic converters, resonators, exhaust pipes, muffler, and tailpipe, works to
filter, channel and push exhaust gasses away from the car.
 6. The Drive Train
⮚ Composed of the transmission, the driveshaft, the axles, and the wheels, the drive
train system works in conjunction with the engine to move the wheels.
⮚ Along with the engine, this is a vital system for basic automotive operation .

7. The Suspension and Steering System

⮚ Though technically two separate systems, both the suspension and steering
systems work to keep your vehicle under control.
⮚ The suspension system is made up of your shocks and struts, supporting the
weight of your vehicle for a smooth ride.
⮚ The steering system, well, enables you to steer your vehicle .
 8. The Brake System
⮚ The brake system is more complex than it sounds and consists of the brake pedal,
brake booster, brake master cylinder, brake lines and hoses, brake calipers and
pistons, disc brake pads, disk brake rotors, brake fluid, the ABS, and much more.
⮚ For obvious reasons, it is always want to make sure this system is in good
working order.
9. The Frame and Body
⮚ The frame and body of the vehicle provide infrastructure much like the
foundation of a home.
⮚ Without a sturdy but lightweight frame, the vehicle would have considerable
trouble making its way from one point to another point.
Descriptions of main parts of the engine

Cylinder Block
⮚ A cylinder block is widely known as an engine block. It is considered as the one
of the engine central components.
⮚ cylinder block is that it enclosed the piston, connecting rod, and crankshaft.
⮚ Cylinder blocks play a very important role in the engine’s lubrication,
temperature control and engine stability. For this reason, it must be made of high
quality to avoid shortcoming.
⮚ A cylinder block is designed depending on the type and specification of the
engine model built. This will include its cylinder walls, cylinder sleeves and
coolant passages
 Cylinder Head
⮚ The cylinder head is an essential component of engine that is mounted on the
cylinder block.
⮚ The main purpose of the cylinder head is to seal the working ends of the cylinders
and not to permit entry and exit of gases on cover head valve engines.
⮚ The inside cavity of head is called the combustion chamber, into which the
mixture is compressed for firing.
⮚ Its shape controls the direction and rate of combustion.
⮚ The shape of cylinder head is depends on the piston shape.
 Piston
⮚ The piston is the heart of the engine, which plays a direct role in the combustion
process to produce power.
⮚ The piston that moves up and down generates energy to all parts of the engine,
from the crankshaft, flywheel, to the power transfer and drive wheel.
⮚ The piston must give gas tight seal to the cylinder through bore, slide freely, be
light and be strong.
⮚ Pistons are made of cast-iron or aluminium alloy for lightness.
 Piston Rod or Connecting Rod
⮚ The piston rod or connecting rod has the main function to connect the crankshaft
and the piston.
⮚ The piston rod receives power released by the piston and converts it into
rotational energy.
 Piston Ring
⮚ Although it is not very visible, a piston ring has a crucial function.
⮚ The piston ring serves to close the piston with the cylinder block to prevent
leakage while the compression process is in progress.
⮚ Leaking gas during compression, and oil that enters the combustion chamber can
cause problems for the overall car engine.
⮚ Moreover, the piston ring also aims to reduce excess oils on the cylinder walls.
 Crankshaft
⮚ The energy of motion is converted into rotational energy by the crankshaft and
subsequently moves the wheel.
⮚ The crankshaft also has a function to keep the piston in motion so that it can work
properly.
⮚ During the process, the crankshaft moves simultaneously with the piston rod that
is installed under the cylinder block.
 Crankcase
⮚ The overall performance of an engine will not run perfectly without a crankcase.
⮚ A crankcase or oil pan works as a reservoir for engine oil, which is used as a
lubricant for all engine components.
⮚ The crankcase is located beneath the cylinder block and is equipped with an oil
plug or drain plug that is added with a bolt and gasket to prevent oil leakage.
⮚ It also protects the parts from dirt.
Materials Of Engine Components
THANK YOU