Institute of Technology

School of Computing
Department of Software Engineering
Fundamentals of Cloud computing
“Evolution of Cloud Computing”

By Abebaw S.

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Outline
 Introduction
 System Models for
 Distributed Computing
 Cloud Computing
 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture -IaaS
 On-demand provisioning
 Elasticity in cloud
 Public, Private and Hybrid clouds

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Introduction
What is Cloud?
 The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet.
 In other words, Cloud is something, which is present at

remote location.
What is Cloud Computing?
 It refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the

hardware and software resources remotely

 It offers online data storage, infrastructure, and
application

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Cont’d . . .

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Distributed System
 It consists of several separate systems that are all
presented to users as a single entity.
 Purpose
 Share resources and use them effectively and

efficiently
 Problem
 All the systems required to be present at the same

geographical location.

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Mainframe Computing
 Originally introduced in 1951.
 Are highly reliable and powerful computing devices
 These systems have almost no downtime with high
fault tolerance.
 After distributed computing, these increased the
processing capabilities of the system.
 Problem: Very expensive.

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Cluster Computing
 An alternative to mainframe technology to reduce the
cost.
 Each machine in the cluster was connected to each
other by a network with high bandwidth.
 These were equally capable of high computations
 New nodes could easily be added to the cluster if it
was required.
 Geographical restrictions remained a challenge, even
if the cost issue was somewhat resolved.

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Grid Computing
 To solve geographical restriction, the concept of grid
computing was introduced.
 It was first introduced in the 1990s
 Systems were placed at entirely different geographical
locations and these all were connected via the internet.
 Problem: Limited availability of high bandwidth
connectivity, along with other network-related
problems.

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Virtualization
 Virtualization refers to the process of creating a
virtual layer over the hardware.
 It allows the user to run multiple instances
simultaneously on the hardware
 It is a key technology used in cloud computing
 It is the base for major cloud computing services such
as Amazon EC2, Vmware, vCloud etc.

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Web 2.0
 Web 2.0 refers to the second generation of the World
Wide Web
 It is the interface through which the cloud computing
services interact with the clients.
 It characterized by a shift from static web pages to
more dynamic and interactive experiences.
 It increases flexibility among web pages.
 Popular examples of web 2.0 include Google Maps,
Facebook, Twitter, etc.

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Service orientation
 It acts as a reference model for cloud computing
 It supports low-cost, flexible, and evolvable
applications.
 Two important concepts were introduced in this
computing model.
 QoS: include Service Level Agreement (SLA)
 Software as a Service (SaaS)

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Utility Computing
 Utility computing is a service model that delivers
computing resources over the internet.
 The resources include processing power, storage, and
applications as a metered service.
 Resources are provisioned on a pay-per-use basis
 It allows users to access and pay for only the resources
they consume.

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Cloud Computing
 Cloud Computing means storing and accessing the
data and programs on remote servers that are hosted
on the internet.
 It also referred to as Internet-based computing
 The data that is stored can be files, images,
documents, or any other storable document

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Cont’d …
Disadvantages
 Cost Saving
 Data Redundancy and Replication
 Flexibility
 Reliability
 High Accessibility
 Scalable

Disadvantages
 Internet Dependency
 Issues in Security and Privacy
 Data Breaches
 Limitations on Control
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System Models for Distributed Computing

 Distributed computing is a system in which

processing and data storage are spread across
multiple devices or systems
 Distributed computing systems can be classified into
various models based on their architecture,
communication methods, and the way they manage
resources.
1. Physical Model
2. Architectural Model
3. Fundamental Model

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Cont’d …

1. Physical Model
 It represents the HW elements of a distributed system.
 Mainly consists of the following components:
 Nodes
 Links
 Middleware
 Network Topology
 Communication Protocols

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Cont’d …

Nodes
 Nodes are the end devices that can process data,

execute tasks, and communicate with the other nodes.

Links
 The communication channels between different nodes

and intermediate devices.

 The following connection types can be implemented:
 Point-to-point
 Broadcast links
 Multi-Access links

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Cont’d …

Middleware
 This is a software installed and executed on the nodes.
 Middleware enables decentralized control
 It manages tasks such as communication between

nodes, resource management, fault tolerance, node

synchronization, and security to block unauthorized
access.
 Examples: RPC, JDBC, ODBC etc.

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Cont’d …
Network Topology
 It defines the arrangement of nodes and links in the

distributed computing system.

 The most common network topologies used are bus,

star, mesh, ring, and hybrid.

Communication Protocols
 Are the set rules and procedures for transmitting data

from one node to others.

 Examples of these protocols include TCP, UDP,

HTTPS, MQTT etc.

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Cont’d …
2. Architectural Model
 It defines the overall design and organization of

components,
 overview of how development, deployment, and

operations will occur.

 The main elements of the architectural model are:
 Client-Server model
 Peer-to-peer model
 Layered model
 Micro-services model

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Cont’d …
Layered model
 It organizes the system into multiple layers, with

each layer providing a specific service.

 Each layer interacts with adjacent layers through

defined protocols.

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Cont’d …
Micro-services model
A complex application
is divided into
independent tasks that
run on different servers.
Each service performs
one function and
focuses on a specific
business capability.
This makes the system
easier to maintain,
scale, and understand.

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Cont’d …
3. Fundamental Model
 It represents the essential components that are required to

understand a distributed system’s behavior.

 There are three types of fundamental models
 Interaction
 Fault
 Security

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Cont’d …
Interaction Model
 It handles time (i.e. for process execution, message

delivery, clock drifts, etc.)

 They are of two types:

i. Synchronous distributed system

ii. Asynchronous distributed system

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Cont’d . . .

Fault Model:
 It addresses the faults and failures that occur.
 Failures can occur both in processes and communication

channels.
 Fault tolerance mechanisms are implemented by:
 Replication
 Error detection
 Recovery methods.

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Cont’d . . .
Security Model
 It define the security needs, threats, vulnerabilities,
and methods to protect the system and its resources.

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NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture

 NIST stands for National Institute of Standards and

Technology
 It provides a structured framework that defines the basic
building blocks of cloud computing
 It serves as a reference point for designing, deploying,
and managing cloud-based systems.

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Cont’d…

 NIST cloud computing reference architecture defines

five major actors:
 Cloud consumer
 Cloud provider
 Cloud carrier
 Cloud auditor and
 Cloud broker.

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Cloud Consumer

 A cloud consumer is an individual or organization that

uses services provided by cloud providers.
 They need SLAs to specify the technical performance.

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Cloud Provider

 A cloud provider is an entity responsible for offering

cloud services to users
 It manages the infrastructure, platforms, or software
that consumers use.
 Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft
Azure, or Google Cloud Platform (GCP)

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Major activities of cloud provider

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Service deployment

 Service deployment refers to the process of making an

application or service available for use in a cloud
environment.
 There are various ways cloud services can be
deployed.
 Private Cloud
 Public Cloud
 Hybrid Cloud
 Community Cloud

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Cont’d…

Private cloud
 Allows systems and services to be accessible within an

organization
 It operated only within a single organization.
 It may be managed internally by the organization itself

or by third-party.
 Benefits
 Higher security and privacy
 Energy Efficiency
 Improve reliability
 More control on its resources

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Cont’d …

Disadvantages of private cloud

 Restricted area of operation
 High priced
 Limited Scalability
 Additional Skills

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Cont’d…

Public cloud
 It allows systems and services to be easily accessible to

general public.
Benefits
 High Scalability
 Utility Style Costing
 Cost Effective
 Reliability
 Flexibility
 Location Independent

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Cont’d …
Disadvantages of Public Cloud
 Low Security
 Less Customizable

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Hybrid Cloud
 It is a mixture of public and private cloud.
 Non-critical activities are performed using public cloud
 Critical activities are performed using private cloud.

Benefits
 Scalability
 Security
 Flexibility
 Cost Efficiency

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Cont’d …
Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud
 Complex
 Security Compliance
 Infrastructure Dependency

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Community Cloud
 It allows system and services to be accessible by group
of organizations
 It shares the infrastructure between several organizations

from a specific community

 It may be managed internally by organizations or by the

third-party.
Benefits
 Cost Effective
 Sharing

Among Organizations
 Security

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Cont’d …
Disadvantages of Community Cloud
 Relatively high cost
 Rarity
 Limited bandwidth and storage

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Service Orchestration
 It refers to activities in arrangement, coordination and
management of computing resources
 Three Layer
 Service Layer
 Resource Abstraction and Control Layer
 Physical Resource Layer

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Cont’d…
Service Layer
 This is where individual services reside ( i.e. SaaS,
PaaS, IaaS )
Resource abstraction and Control
 It involves creating virtual representations of

physical computing resources.

Physical Resource Layer
 It involves the management and coordination of

physical resources in a computing environment.

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Cloud Service Management
 It refers to the processes and tools used to manage
and optimize cloud services throughout their
lifecycle.
 Example: Configuring and deploying cloud services
according to the requirements of the cloud consumers.

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Cont’d …

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Fig: Cloud provider – Cloud service management 44
Cloud Broker
 A cloud broker acts as an intermediary between cloud
service providers and cloud consumers.
 They manage and optimize the use, performance, and
delivery of cloud services.
 Categories of Cloud Broker Services
 Service Intermediation
 Service Aggregation
 Service Arbitrage

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Cloud service Models
 There are three types of cloud service models:
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
 Platform as a Service (PaaS)
 Software as a Service (SaaS)

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 IaaS
 It is a provides virtualized computing resources over the
internet.
 Also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS)
 It Provides the fundamental resources such as:
networking equipment, devices, database, and web
servers

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 Cont’d…
Advantages:
 Cost-Effective
 Security
 Maintenance
Disadvantages:
 Limited control over infrastructure
 Security concerns
 Limited access

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 PaaS
 PaaS offers the runtime environment for applications.
 Offers deployment tools required to develop applications.
 PaaS has a feature of point-and-click tools that enables
non-developers to create web applications.

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 Cont’d…
Advantages
 Scalability
 Prebuilt Business Plan
 Low Cost
 Instant Community
 Simple & easy to use

Disadvantages of PaaS :
 Vendor Migration problem
 Data-Privacy
 Mix-up Complexity

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 SaaS
 SaaS model delivers software applications to end
users as a service.
 This software is hosted online and accessible through
the Internet.
 Here are some examples of SaaS applications:
 Billing and invoicing system
 Customer Relationship Management
 Help desk applications
 Human Resource solutions etc.

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 Thank you!

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