INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

IT is the use of any computers, storage, networking and other

physical devices, infrastructure and processes to create,
process, store, secure, and exchange all forms of electronic
data.
Business operations – for personal or entertainment
Commercial – computer technology and telecommunications
BRIEF HISTORY OF ICT
 BRIEF HISTORY OF ICT

• 1837 – Telegraph (Samuel F.B. Morse)

• 1876 – Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell)
- communication by wire over long distances almost
instantaneously.
• 1895 – Wireless Telegraph
• 1926 – Shortwave Radio
• 1946 – High-frequency Microwave Radio
- overcame the physical constraint of connecting every
point by wire or cable.
 BRIEF HISTORY OF ICT

• 1957 – Satellites and Space Communication

• 1970 – Mobile Communication Handsets
- the basic technology foundation for the Internet and the
World Wide Web
• 1980’s – Mobile access to the Internet (Smartphones)
• 1990’s to 2000’s – Technology Convergence (Communication
media and computer data in one medium, the Internet)
HISTORY OF INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
 THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD

• Period before 3000 BC

• Cave paintings
• Communications are in the form of voice grunts and hand gestures
• Development of communication through the use of tools that
generate sounds and cues (drums, trumpets made of animal horn, or
smoke signals as means of giving warning of danger)
• Period of 3000 BC
• Stone tablets by the Sumerians with symbols formed from pictograph
as letters
 THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD

• Historical Period (3000 BC – 1400 AD)

• 2900 BC – the use of letters hieroglyph on the ancient Egyptians
• 500 BC – papyrus fibers are used as paper
• 105 AD – Chinese discovered kertas (paper that is made from
bamboo fibers)
 MODERN PERIOD

• 1455 – the printing press (Johann Guntenberg)

• 1830 – first computer program were written (Augusta Lady
Byron)
• 1837 – telegraph (Sammuel Morse)
• 1861 – moving images are projected onto a screen
• 1876 – marked by figures who developed the Melvyl Dewey
decimal system of writing
• 1877 – first telephone (Alexander Graham Bell) and high-speed
photography was invented (Edward Maybridge)
 MODERN PERIOD

• 1899 – tape storage system, the first magnetic storage

• 1923 – first television tubes (Zvorkyn)
• 1940 – sending and receiving of military documents stored in
the form of magnetic tape (WW2)
• 1945 – coding system for hypertext (Vannevar Bush), used for
the development of website design
• 1946 – first digital computer ENIAC
• 1948 – researchers at Bell Telephone developed the transistor
 MODERN PERIOD

• 1957 – planar transistor (Jean Hoerni), allows the development

of billions of transistors incorporated into a small piece of silicon
crystal
• Launching of Sputnik, the first artificial earth satellite (USSR)
• In return, the US form an Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
• 1971 – email or electronic mail was created, used to
communicate over long distances using digital texts (Ray
Tomlinson)
• 1973-1990 – Internet was introduced and TCP/IP were developed
(DARPA)
• 1981 – CSNET was developed (National Science Foundation)
• 1986 – IETF developed a server that serves as a coordination tool
including: DARPA, ARPANET, DDN, and Internet Gateway
 MODERN PERIOD

• 1991 – business systems in the IT field first occur in CERN

• 1992 – the establishment of Internet community, and introduced the
term World Wide Web (WWW) by CERN
• 1993 – NSF established InterNIC to provide:
• Internet related services an data storage directories and databases (by AT & T)
• Registration services (by Network Solutions Inc.)
• Information services (by General Atomics/ CERFNET)
• 1994 – growth of the internet drove very fast and began reaching into
all aspects of human life and a part that can not be separated from
manusia.
 COMPUTERS

• The term “computer” comes from the Latin “computus” and

“computare”. Both words mean to determine by mathematical
means or by numerical methods. The English verb “compute”
has the same meaning.
• Basically, a computer is a programmable electronic device that
performs mathematical calculations and logical operations,
especially one that can process, store, and retrieve large
amounts of information very quickly.
• Personal computers are also employed for manipulating text or
graphics, accessing the internet, or playing games or media.
 COMPUTERS

• The main components or computer are:

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Power Supply
• Motherboard
• Graphics Card
• Memory (RAM/ROM)

2. Monitor
3. Keyboard
4. Mouse
 COMPUTERS

• Originally, the first

computers were the
size of a large room,
consuming as much
power as several
hundred modern
personal
computers.
• Later, computers
have become
smaller and much
more powerful.
 THE INTERNET

• The Internet was invented as a result of research conducted in

the early 1960s by visionary people like J.C.R. Licklider of MIT.
The latter saw the added value of allowing computers to share
information on research and development in scientific and
military fields. That’s why, he proposed a global network of
computers in 1962, and moved over to the Defense Advance
Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in late 1962 to head the
work to develop it.
 THE WEB

• While many people use the terms Internet and the Web
interchangeably, they are in fact not synonymous. The Internet
is a huge network that connects millions of computers
worldwide. Computers in this network can communicate with
any other computer as long as they are connected to the
internet. The Web or the World Wide Web (WWW), however, is
a way of accessing information over the medium of the
Internet. It is an information space or a model that is built on
top of the Internet where documents and other web resources
are identified by URLs (Uniform Resource Locator), informally
termed a web address. This space is interlinked by hypertext
links and can be accessed via the Internet.
 THE WEB

• The World Wide Web was invented by English scientist Tim

Berners-Lee in 1989. He wrote the first web browser in 1990
while employed at CERN in Switzerland.
• Web 1.0
• Web 2.0
• Web 3.0
• Web 4.0
• Web 5.0
 WEB 1.0, WEB 2.0, AND WEB 3.0

• They represent the evolution of the Web in the last two decades.
• WEB 1.0
• Web 1.0 was the first stage of the World Wide Web’s evolution. Basically,
content creators provided content for the vast majority of users who were
only consumers or readers of that content.
• The most important features of Web1.0 were as follows:
• It was a read-only web
• It was based on HTML which is a basic computer language.
• It was characterized by static pages (there is no interactivity between
users and websites0.
• It was also characterized by slow connection speed.
• The software was very expensive, generally on CDs or DVDs to be
installed.
 WEB 1.0, WEB 2.0, AND WEB 3.0

• WEB 2.0
• Web 2.0 was the next evolution of the Web. It is more sophisticated
and is characterized by its social aspect. Unlike Web 1.0, Web 2.0 is a
many-to-many relationship.
• Here are the features of Web 2.0:
• It is a read-and-write web.
• It is based on more sophisticated computer language (Php, Mysql,
Java Script…)
• The pages are dynamic pages, which means that there is the
possibility of interactivity between users and the web.
• It is characterized by speed.
• The software is more accessible. It is online or downloadable.
 WEB 1.0, WEB 2.0, AND WEB 3.0

• WEB 3.0
• Web 3.0 is an evolution of the Web as an extension of Web 2.0. it is also
called the Semantic Web. It is characterized by connective intelligence,
connecting data, concepts, applications, and ultimately people.
• Here are its features:
• Read, write, and execute web.
• Users are served more intelligently.
• Personalized information.
• Machine comprehension.
• Cloud Technology.
• Everything is connected.
• Immersion.
 EXAMPLES OF ICT TOOLS

• ICT can offer different Web tools:

• Websites
• Wikis
• Blogs
• Forums
• applications
 WHAT’S NEW?

The future of ICT is promising. The web will develop

even more possibilities.
 WEB 4.0

• Web 4.0 or the symbolic web will lead to an interaction

between humans and machines in symbiosis. Machines would
be clever in reading the contents of the Web and react fast by
providing superior quality content.
 WEB 5.0

• Web 5.0 or the emotional web is a version that is still

developed underground. The web will interact with users and
will be able to recognize their emotions. So far, the web is
neutral as far as emotions are concerned. This will probably
change in the future.