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Research Obj, Purpose, Hypo, Varia

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5 views34 pages

Research Obj, Purpose, Hypo, Varia

NO

Uploaded by

ajjawadimath.nagesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Research Problems, Purposes,

objectives & Hypotheses


Research Topics, Problems, and
Purposes

Research Objectives,
Questions, &
Hypotheses

Research Purpose

Research Problem

Research Topic
Research Problems in Nursing

A research problem in
nursing is an area of
concern where there
is a gap in the
knowledge needed for
nursing practice.
Research Problems in Nursing

 How are they chosen?

 What factors may you consider?

 Any examples of research problems in nursing you can


think of?
WHERE DO I GET MY RESEARCH TOPIC?

Possible sources include:

• Existing nursing literature.


• Literature from other disciplines.
• Social concerns.
• Popular issues. Experience ,Nursing theory
• Your own history and personal characteristics.
• Your tutors. Experts , books , clinical . Observation,
interest etc,
Research Problems in Nursing
 Need to consider feasibility: convenient or
easy
 Time
 Expertise
 Money
 Availability of subjects, facilities, and
equipment
 Ethical considerations
Critical Thinking Question

 The feasibility of conducting a study is determined by


examining which of the following?
 1.Availability of subjects.

 2. Previous studies.

 3. Researchers credibility.

 4. Significance of the research problem.


Research Problems

 In a research study and/or article, the following


should be clearly stated:
 Significance of the problem, especially for
nursing
 Background of the problem
 Problem statement clearly identifying the
specific area of concern
Critical Thinking Question
 The initial and one of the most significant
steps in conducting the research process is:
 1. Defining research variables.

 2. Determining the feasibility of the study.

 3. Identifying the research problem.

 4. Stating the research purpose.


Research Purpose

 The research problem statement


should look something like the
following:
 To describe….
 To determine differences between
groups….
 To examine relationships among….
 To determine the effect of….
Research Problems criteria &
Purpose in Nursing
 Critique guidelines include asking yourself the
following questions while reading the research
article:
 Is the problem clear and concise?
 Is the problem limited in scope?
 Does the problem identify variables, population, and
setting?
 Are the problem and purpose able to generate
knowledge?
 Is the study feasible?
 Is the study ethical?
OBJECTIVES - SMART

 S- SPECIFIC

 M – MEASURABLE

 A- ACHIEVABLE

 R – RELEVANT .REALISTIC

 T- TIME BOUND, TARGETABLE


Variables
Variables

 Variables are qualities, properties, or


characteristics of people, things, or
situations that are manipulated or
measured in research

 Variables are measured with instruments


or intensity scales
Variables

Depressio
Pain Apathy
n

Hunger Loneliness Affect

Age Gender Hair Color


Types of Variables

1. Dichotomous variables.

2. Attribute variable .

3. Active variables.

4. Dependent and independent variables .

5. Extraneous variable
Types of Variables
1. Dichotomous variables.

Variables that vary in only two values.

For example:
Male Vs female.
Alive Vs dead.
Day Vs night.
Types of Variables
2. Attribute variable or
demographic :

A pre-existing characteristic or attribute

such as age, sex …etc. which the

researcher simply observes and

measures.
Types of Variables
3. Active variables
Variables that do not pre-exist, so, the researcher has to create them.

For example:
If the researcher is testing the effectiveness of 4 drugs on blood
pressure, here, all the four drugs are considered a variable that
varies among individuals. Where different ones are taking
different drugs: a, b, c or d.
Types of Variables
4. Dependent and
independent variables

 Independent variable: “Variable


that is believed to cause or
influence the dependent
variable".

 Dependent variable: “Variable


that is influenced by the
independent variable".
Example of
Dependent/Independent Variables

Does Smoking Cause Lung cancer ?

Does Nursing care Cause Rapid recovery ?

Does Drug (a) Cause Improvement ?

Cause Effect
Independent variable Dependent variable
Types of Variables
5. Extraneous variable

Variable that confound the relationship between the dependent

and independent variables, thus it needs to be controlled.

E.g., "air pollution" is an extraneous variable interferes with

studying the relationship between smoking "independent

variable" and lung cancer "dependent variable".


Hypotheses
X and Y
Research--A statement of the expectations of the
researcher concerning the relationships of the
variables under study H1

Null or Statistical--states that there is no


relationship among the variables H O
Types of Hypotheses

Associative versus Causal

Non-directional versus
Directional

Null versus Research


Associative versus Causal

 Associative samples says that there is a


relationship
 X is related to Y ( mother is related daughter)
 Causal states that there is a cause-and-effect
relationship between variables
 X is caused by Y (smoking and cancer)
Non-Directional versus
Directional
 Non-directional states that a relationship exists but
does not further describe the nature of the
relationship
 X and Y will be related (no explanation)

 Directional hypothesis exists the interaction


between two or more variables
 As X increases, Y will decrease
Null versus Research
Hypothesis

 A null hypothesis states that there is no relationship

between variables; also called a statistical hypothesis

 A research hypothesis states that there is a

relationship between two or more variables


Testable Hypothesis

 Should be ‘testable’ in the real world

 Variable are clearly measured and able to be


manipulated

 Relationship between variables is supported or not

 Causal link between the independent and dependent


variable is evaluated using statistical tests
Critical Thinking Question

 What type of hypothesis is the following:


 There is a positive relationship between nurse attitudes
towards AIDS patients and number of AIDS patients for
whom they have cared for.
Critical Thinking Question

 What type of hypothesis is the following:


 There is a positive relationship between nurse attitudes
towards AIDS patients and number of AIDS patients for
whom they have cared for.

 DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS
 The researcher is looking for a positive outcome or
relationships between the variables.
 A STUDY TO ASSESS THE STRESS AND COPING AMONG THE WIVES OF

ALCOHOLICS ADMITTED IN SELECTED DE –ADDICTION CENTERS OF

MYSORE DISTRICT.

 Type of study_ descriptive

 Variables- a ) study variables ---stress and coping .

b. )personal variables or attributed .-----age education religion .

 Setting –de-addiction centers .

 Population- wives of alcoholics.

 Sample and size-60


The End!

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