Hanoi, November 14th 2024

Development of the atomic

model
Luong Hoang Nam

Nguyen The Huy

Mai Thuy Linh

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Table of
contents

1. The Early Atomic Models

2. Schrodinger’s Model for Hydro

3. Conclusion

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1.1 Rutherford’s atomic model
The first atomic model

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1.1 Rutherford’s atomic model
The first atomic model

This model does not explain why:

+ Atoms exist in stable equilibrium

+ Electrons do not fall into the nucleus.

=> was replaced by Bohr's semiclassical model

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1.2 Bohr’s atomic model

The Bohr model is a mixture of classical physics and quantum physics.

It is based on 4 postulates.

Postulate 1:

The electron in the atom moves in a circular orbit centred on its nucleus which is
a proton.
Its motion in the orbit is governed by the Coulomb electric force between the
negatively charged electron and the positively charged proton
Bohr atomic model

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1.2 Bohr’s atomic model

Postulate 2:

The electrostatic attraction of the nucleus must balance with the centrifugal
force, represented by the equation:

e2 me v 2
 (1.1)
4rn π 0
2
rn

nh
And me vrn  (1.2)
2π

n 2 0 h 2 Bohr atomic model

Therefore rn  (1.3)
πme e 2

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1.2 Bohr’s atomic model

Postulate 3:

An electron in a Bohr orbit does not continuously radiate electromagnetic

radiation

The orbit is referred to as a stationary orbit.

Its energy is therefore constant.

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1.2 Bohr’s atomic model

Postulate 4:

The energy of an electron in an orbit

me v 2  e2
En   (1.4)
2 4rn π 0
With Equation 1.3, we have:
 me e 4
En  (1.5)
8π 02 h 2

Substituting the number we have

 2.178 10 18  13.6
En  2
J  2
eV (1.6)
n n

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1.2 Bohr’s atomic model

Postulate 4:

Electromagnetic radiation is only emitted when the electron changes from one orbit to
another of a lower total energy.

The energy lost, ∆E, is emitted as one quantum of radiation

hc (1.7)
E 
λ

Let and represent the initial and final orbits, then:

 18  1 1   1 1 
E Es  Et  2.178 10  2  2  J  13.6  2  2  eV (1.8)
 ns nt   ns nt 

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2.1 Wave equation
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

In the mid-1920s, the German physicist Werner Heisenberg, who showed that it is not possible to determine exactly
how much momentum is transferred to the electron.
Since the operators x and p​do not commute, we have:

 x, px   i
 
1
 x px   i
2
Therefore:
h
x px   (2.1)
2π
This is the relation of the Heisenberg principle.

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2.1 Wave equation
Schrodinger wave equation

In quantum mechanics, the time evolution of the state of a microscopic physical system is determined by the
Schrödinger equation:

 (q, t ) 
i H (q, t ) (2.2)
t
 T  V      2
 2
 2 

H   V 
2
 2  2  2  V
2m 2m  x y z 

This equation does not contain time and is called the time-independent Schrodinger equation:

  2     2 2 2   
   V      2  2  2   V   E  (2.3)
 2m   2m  x y z  

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2.2 Schrodinger’s Model for Hydro

Although the Bohr model hypothesis for the quantization of angular momentum can be justified in terms of
electron wave ideas, the Bohr model remains profoundly unsatisfactory as a wave model for the atom.

A full quantum wave model for the atom must incorporate

a wave equation as its basis

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2.2 Schrodinger’s Model for Hydro
Consider the hydrogen atom, consisting of an electron moving around the nucleus.

The Coulomb potential is the attractive interaction between the electron and the nucleus:
e2
V  (2.4)
4π 0 r

The kinetic energy of the nucleus and the electron:

T E  K ,nucleus   2   2
 K ,electron  E (2.5)
2me 2 mN
The wave equation in this case has the form:

  2  2 e2 
       E (2.6)
 2me 2 mN 4π 0 r 

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2.2 Schrodinger’s Model for Hydro
The solution of the wave equation

The solution of the equation has the form:

 (r ,  ,  ) R(r ) Y ( ,  ) (2.7)

R(r) is the radial part, depending on the radius

Y() is the angular part, depending on the angles.

Atomic Orbital (AO)

AO has the form:

 n ,l ,ml (r ,  ,  ) Rn ,l (r ) Yl ,ml ( ,  ) (2.8)

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2.2 Schrodinger’s Model for Hydro
Some solutions of the wave equation for the
hydrogen atom:

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2.2 Schrodinger’s Model for Hydro
Shape of atomic orbitals

1s 2s

Atkins’ Physical Chemistry 8th edition

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2.2 Schrodinger’s Model for Hydro
p orbital

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2.2 Schrodinger’s Model for Hydro
d orbital

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3. Conclusions

The difference between the Bohr model and quantum mechanics.

Motion of a particle Energy level. Position of the electron. Electron orbit

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THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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