P R E S E N T E D T O :

D R . Z I A U L H A Q
P R E S E N T E D B Y :
A T H A R B A S H I R ( 5 )
A B D U L T A W A B ( 4 1 )
H A S S A M S H O U K A T ( 5 5 )
A S A D U L L A H T A Y Y A B ( 3 0 )
H A M M A D J A V E D ( 9 9 )
D E F I N I T I O N O F R E D O X T I T R AT I O N

• A redox titration [1] is a type of titration based

on a redox reaction between the analyte and
titrant.
• It may involve the use of a redox indicator and/or
a potentiometer.
 P R I N C I P L E O F R E D O X T I T R AT I O N

• The principle of redox titration is based on a redox

reaction between the analyte (substance being
analyzed) and the titrant (standard solution). In a
redox titration, one reactant undergoes oxidation, and
the other undergoes reduction, with the goal of
determining the concentration of the analyte.
PRINCIPLES OF REDOX REACTION

• 1. Oxidation-Reduction Reaction: The titration relies on a

known redox reaction between the titrant and analyte. The
titrant is either an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent,
depending on the nature of the analyte.
• 2. Equivalence Point: The equivalence point is reached when
the quantity of titrant added exactly reacts with the analyte. At
this point, the moles of electrons lost by the reducing agent are
equal to the moles of electrons gained by the oxidizing agent.
PRINCIPLE OF REDOX RECTION

• 3. Indicator: A redox indicator may be used to detect the endpoint

of the titration. The indicator undergoes a visible color change when
the equivalence point is reached. In some cases, the titrant itself
may act as an indicator if it has a distinctive color change when its
oxidation state changes.
• 4. Standard Electrode Potential: The reaction is driven by the
difference in standard electrode potentials between the oxidizing
agent and the reducing agent. A greater difference means a more
spontaneous reaction.
P R I N C I P L E O F R E D O X T I T R AT I O N

• Redox titration allows for the quantitative

determination of an unknown concentration of an
analyte based on a redox reaction. The titrant’s known
concentration and the volume needed to reach the
equivalence point are used to calculate the
concentration of the analyte.
T Y P E S O F R E D O X T I T R AT I O N
• 1. Permanganate Titrations (Permanganometry):
• Definition: A redox titration where potassium
permanganate (KMnO₄) is used as the titrant. KMnO₄ is a
strong oxidizing agent that changes color from deep purple to
colorless upon reduction, making it self-indicating. This
method is commonly used for titrating reducing agents.

• Example: Titration of iron(II) ions (Fe²⁺) with KMnO₄.

• Dichromate Titrations (Dichrometry)
• - Definition: A redox titration that uses potassium
dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) as the titrant. K₂Cr₂O₇ is a strong
oxidizing agent, and the endpoint is usually detected with an
external indicator. This titration is used for quantifying
reducing agents.
• Example: Titration of iron(II) ions (Fe²⁺) with K₂Cr₂O₇ in
acidic medium.
• Iodometric Titrations (Indirect) -
• Definition: A type of redox titration where the analyte is
first reacted with an excess of potassium iodide (KI),
producing iodine (I₂). The liberated iodine is then titrated
with sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃). This method is used to
determine the concentration of oxidizing agents.
• Example:Titration of copper(II) ions (Cu²⁺) by liberating
iodine, which is then titrated with Na₂S₂O₃.
• Iodimetric Titrations (Direct) -
• Definition: A redox titration where iodine (I₂) solution is
directly used as the titrant to quantify reducing agents.
The endpoint is usually detected using starch as an
indicator, which forms a blue complex with iodine. -
• Example: Titration of sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃) with
iodine.
• Cerimetry
• - Definition: A redox titration in which cerium(IV) sulfate
(Ce(SO₄)₂) is used as the titrant. Ce(IV) is a powerful oxidizing
agent, and the titration is often used to determine reducing
agents in acidic solutions. - Example: Titration of iron(II) ions
(Fe²⁺) with Ce(IV) sulfate.
• Bromatometry -
• Definition: A redox titration that uses bromine (Br₂)
generated in situ from bromate and bromide. Bromine
acts as an oxidizing agent and is typically used to
determine organic reducing agents. - Example:
Titration of phenols or anilines with bromine.
I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N
• Potentiometer:
• which is the instrument used in potentiometry, is used
to carry out the process of redox titration. Here the analyte and
titrant react with each other through the redox reaction by
carrying out oxidation and reduction. The results of a redox
titration are incomplete without the redox titration curve.
A P P L I C AT I O N O F R E D O X T I T R AT I O N

• Determination of Iron Content: Redox titration is

commonly used in the determination of iron content in
ores, pharmaceuticals, and food products.
• Water Quality Analysis: Redox titration is used to
measure the concentration of dissolved oxygen, chlorine,
and other oxidizing agents in water, which is critical for
water treatment and environmental monitoring.
• Analysis of Bleaching Agents: Redox titration is used to
determine the concentration of active ingredients in
bleaching agents, such as hydrogen peroxide or sodium
hypochlorite.
• Pharmaceutical Analysis: Redox titrations are used in
the pharmaceutical industry to determine the
concentration of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)
that are either oxidizing or reducing agents.
• Food Industry: Redox titration is employed to
measure the concentration of preservatives,
antioxidants, and other additives in food products.
• Battery and Electrochemical Research: Redox
titration is used to analyze the concentration of redox-
active species in batteries and other electrochemical
systems.
• Environmental Monitoring: Redox titrations are
used to assess the levels of pollutants, such as heavy
metals or organic compounds, min soil and water
samples.
• Chemical Manufacturing: Redox titration is used to
control the concentration of reactants and products in
industrial chemical processes.