The Design and Architecture of

Embedded Systems there Applications in

Medical Equipment and Devices
10TH AMEK HEALTHCARE TECHNOLOGY
CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION
15 TH – 17TH November, 2017
WHITE RHINO HOTEL, NYERI TOWN
Presenter
Fredrick Simwata
BIOMED
Kenyatta National Hospital
Email: [email protected]
Cell Phone: 0713603064
PRESENTATION OUTLINE

 Introductions
 Special Features of Embedded Systems
 Application Areas
 Categories of Embedded Systems
 Embedded Systems Architecture
 Embedded System Building Blocks
 Practical Applications of Embedded Systems
 INTRODUCTION
System
 A system is a way of working, organizing or doing one or many task according to a
fixed plan program or set rules
 A system is also an arrangement in which all its units assemble and work together
according to the plan or program
Design
 The development process :- goal of every design should be to develop a quality
product.
 Quality of a product is reflected in its meeting customer requirements; functional,
performance and reliability.
 Process is essentially a detailed step by step procedure. Process take raw material us
input & produce finished product as output
Embedded system development process

Hardware Development
Problem Definition Finished Product
Software Development
 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
 Need to be highly reliable
 Some have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as very high
temperature and humidity
 Unlike PC in which hardware platform is dominated by Itel and OS is dominated by
Microsoft, there is a wide variety of processor and OS for embedded systems

APPLICATION AREAS
• Consumer appliances:- include digital camera, digital dairy, DVD player, electronic
toys, micro oven, remote controls for TV , transmission controls, engine spark control,
air conditioner, navigation tool
• Office automation:- typing machines, facs machines, modern printers, scanners
• Industrial automation:- most of industrial use embedded systems for process control;
include pharmaceutical, cement, sugar, oil exploration, nuclear energy, electricity
generation and transmission tasks such as monitoring temperature, pressure,
humidity, voltage, current and then take appropriate action based on the monitored
levels to control other devices or to send information to a centralized monitoring
station.
• Robots which are programmed to do specific jobs
 APPLICATION AREAS
 Medical electronic:- almost every medical equipment in hospital is an
embedded system i.e. include diagnostic area, as ECG, EEG, BP measuring
devices, X-ray scanners, equipments in blood analysis, radiation, colonoscopy,
endoscopy
 Computer networking:- include products such as bridges, routers, integrated
services digital network (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), x.21 and
frame relay switches. i.e. a router interconnect two net works:- router function
is to obtain the data packets from incoming pores, analyze the packets and
send them towards the destination after doing necessary protocol conversions
 CATEGORIES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
STAND – ALONE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
 As name implies they work in stand alone modes
 They take inputs, process them and produce the desired output
 Input can be electrical signals from transducers or commands from a human being such
as pressing a button
 Outputs, can be electrical signals to drive another system LED or LCD displays
 Examples are consumer electronics and electrical signal
REAL TIME SYSTEMS
 Are embedded systems in which some specific work has to be done in a specific time
period.
 i.e. consider a system that has to open a valve within 30mS when humidity crosses a
particular threshold.
 If valve is not opened in 30mS a catastrophe may occur
 Such system with strict deadlines are called hard real-time
 In some deadlines are imposed but not adhering to them once in a while may not lead
to catastrophe i.e. DVD you give command to play from remote control and there is
delay of few mS in executing that command. Such systems are called soft real-time
systems.
 Missiles that track and intercept an enemy aircraft is an example of a hard real-time
embedded systems
 CATEGORIES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS CONT’
NETWORKED INFORMATION APPLIANCES
 Are embedded system that are provided with networks interfaces and assessed by networks
such as local area network or internet
 A networked process control system consists of a number of embedded systems connected as a
local area network
 Embedded system can send real time data to a control location from where entire process
control system can be monitored
 Monitoring can be done using a web browser such as the internet explorer
 A web scanner can be connected to the internet. Camera can send pictures in real- time to any
computer connected to internet
 Door- lock of your home can be a small embedded system with TCP/IP and HTTP server software
running on it
 Children standing in front of door lock after schools web camera in door lock will send an alert to
your desktop over internet and then you can open the door lock through a click of the mouse.
MOBILE DEVICES
 Such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smart phones are special categories of
embedded systems
 Limitations of the mobile devices memory constrained, small size, lack of good user interfaces
such as full-fledged keyboard and display. However PDAs are now capable of supporting general
purpose application software such as word processor, games etc.
 NOTE:- C ategories are based on functionality and performance requirements
 OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
 Every embedded system consist of custom built hardware a round memory a
CPU
 Hardware also contain chips onto which software is loaded
 Software also contain memory chips onto which software is loaded
 software residing on memory chips is also called firmware
 OS runs above hardware, and application software runs above the operating
system
 Same architecture is applicable to computer including desktop computer
 Although its not compulsory to have operating system in every embedded
system
 Small appliance such as remote control units, air conditioner, there is no need
for an operating system- you can only write software specific that application.
 Such case you need to integrate application software with operating system
and then transfer entire software on to the memory chip
 one transfer software will continue to run for along time you don’t need to re
load new software
 VARIUS BUILDING BLOCK OF THE HARDWARE OF AN
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• CPU
• Memory ROM and RAM
• Input devices
• Output devices
• Communication interfaces
• Application- specific circuitry
ROM RAM

INPUT OUTPUT
DEVICES CPU DEVICES

COMMUNICATION
APPLICATION SPECIFIC INTERFACE
CIRCUITRY
 VARIOUS BUILDING BLOCK OF THE HARDWARE OF AN
EMBEDDED SYSTEM CONT’
CPU: – can be of the following :- Micro-controller, Micro-processor or DSP
 Microcontroller is low cost processor
 Main attractive is that on chip it self there will be many other components such
memory, serial communication interfaces, ADC
 Microcontroller best choice as no of external components required will be very
less
 On the other hand µP are more powerful but you need to use many external
components with them.
 DSP is used mainly for application in which signal processing is involved such
audio and video processing
MEMORY:- categorize as ROM and RAM
 Contents of RAM will be erased if power is switched off the chip whereas ROM
contents are retained in the event of power off
 Firmware is stored in ROM
 Power on processor reads the ROM the program is transferred to RAM and the
program is executed
 VARIOUS BUILDING BLOCK OF THE HARDWARE OF AN
EMBEDDED SYSTEM CONT’
INPUT DEVICES:- have very limited capability
 No keyboard or mouse and hence interacting with the embedded system is no
easy task
 Have small keypad – you press one key to give a specific command
 Keypad may be used to input only the digits
 Embedded system are in process control do not have any input device for user
interaction, they take input from sensor or transducer to produce electrical
signals that are fed to other systems
OUTPUT DEVICE:- have very limited capability
 Some will have a few LEDs to indicate health status of a system modules or for
visual indication of alarms
 LCD may also be used to display some important parameter
COMMUNICATION INTERFACES
 Embedded system may need to interact with other embedded system as they
may have to transmit data to a desktop
 To facilitate this they are provided with one or few communication interfaces
such as RS 232, RS 422,RS485.Universal Serial bus (USB), IEEE 1394, Ethernet
 VARIOUS BUILDING BLOCK OF THE HARDWARE OF AN
EMBEDDED SYSTEM CONT’
APPLICATION SPECIFIC CIRCUITRY
• Sensor, transducer, special processing and control circuitry may be required for
an embedded system depending on its application
• This circuitry interacts with processor to carry out necessary work
• Entire hardware has to be given power supply either thro’ 230v mains or thro’
battery
• Hardware has to be designed in a way that the power consumption is
minimized
 MICROCONTROLLER AS EXAMPLE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
 Microcontroller is a functional computer system on-a chip. It contain a processor,
memory and programmable input/output peripherals
 Microcontroller include an integrated CPU, memory/ small amount of RAM, program
memory and peripheral capable of input and output
Examples
 Intel 8031, 8032, 8051, 8751, 8752
 PIC 8bit PIC 16, 18. 16bit DSPIC 33/PIC 24
 Motorolla MC68HCI

MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER
Functional blocks are ALU, registers, It include functional block of µC & in
timing and control units addition has timer, parallel i/o, RAM,
EPROM ADC & ADC
Bit handling instructions is less one or Many type of bit handling instructions
two type only
Rapid movements of code and data Rapid movement of code and data
between external memory and µP within µC
It is used for designing general purpose They are used for designing application
digital computers systems specific dedicated system
 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Functional Description General Evita 4 / Evita 2

Dura
Monitoring:
1 Airway pressure (Paw)
2 Inspiratory O2 concentration (MV)
3 Inspiratory breathing gas temperature (T)
4 Expiratory CO2 concentration (et CO2)
5 Inspiratory tidal volume (VTI)
6 Aponea time
7 Tachypnoea monitoring to detect dead-space-intensive spontaneous
breathing
 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS CONT’
Basic Principle ofEvita 4/2
Consist of three components which communicate via Can (Fast Serial Interface)
Control Unit
Interface between the machine and the operator. Serves to make adjustments, to
display measured values and to activate alarms. Here Display, Membrane keypad,
Touch screen and Graphics Controller PCB are accommodated. (For Evita 2 front panel
also contains the LCD, the membrane keyboard, the 7-segment displays, front panel
PCB and the 7 segment PCB.
Electronics
the central control unit of Evita 4. it includes the CPU 68332 PCB, CO 2-carrier PCB with
the processor PCB and Power supply PCB and the power supply unit (Communication
PCB, Paediatric Flow PCB and the optional SpO2 PCB)
Pneumatics
Controls the pneumatic valves following preset ventilation parameters. It includes an
independent microprocessor system and valve control. In the pneumatics the
pneumatic controller PCB, the HPSV controller AIR/O2 PCB, the PEEP valve, the mixer,
the pressure connection, the flow sensor and the O2 sensor are accommodated.
 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS CONT’
Functional Description General
Evita 4 / Evita 2 Dura
Front Panel : Interface, and allow user to
Adjust the desired values, displayed
measured values and alarms. Also contains
LCD, membrane key pad PCB for both
front panel and seven segment Display.

Electronics : Central control unit of the

Evita 2 dura. It contains the CPU 68332
PCB, the power pack, the CO2 Carrier PCB
including the Processor Board PCB
(optional), and the
Power Supply PCB (optional).
The Communication PCB, the IFCO PCB
the Paediatric Flow PCB, and the SpO2
PCB are optional features.

Figure 1 Basic components

 Functional Description General Evita 4 / Evita 2 Dura
CPU 68332 PCB: Is integrated in the electronic unit of the Evita.
• The board includes an independent processor system, two external interfaces, three
internal interfaces, the loudspeaker control and a serial EEPROM.
Figure 3 Block diagram CPU 68332 PCB
 Functional Description General Evita 4 / Evita 2 Dura
1 EEPROM : is connected to the synchronized, serial interface 68332. The EEPROM
characterizes the Evita (enabled options, serial number, etc.). When replacing the CPU
68332 PCB the EEPROM has to be transferred to the new printed circuit board.
2 Processor system: The processor system comprises a 68332 CPU, a 512 kByte RAM and
a 1 MByte flash EPROM (electrically programmable and erasable read-only memory).
The RAM has a battery back-up. When the battery is being replaced a Goldcap capacitor
ensures voltage supply of the RAMs. Programming of the flash EPROMS is only possible
if the system identifies the ”SERVICE- Q” signal.
3 RS232 interface :The CPU 68332 PCB provides an RS232 interface in the Evita. The
interface is labeled COM1. The interface is electrically isolated from the Evita. Electrical
isolation is made by means of optocouplers
4 ILV interface :is required for independent-lung ventilation with two Evita units. The ILV
interface is not electrically isolated. Pin 3 of the ILV interface is provided with a filler
plug. This filler plug prevents confusion with the RS232 interface.
5 Driver: The driver adjusts the access times between the 68332, the clock and the
DUART.
6 Clock : The clock gives the current time. It has a battery back-up and continues to
operate even after the Evita has been switched off.
7 DUART The DUART: (Dual Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) has two serial
interfaces and digital inputs and outputs. The serial interfaces are intended for
connection of the SpO2 and the CO2 module.
 Functional Description General Evita 4 / Evita 2 Dura
8 DC/DC converter: provides the voltage supply (+5 V ISO) required for the interface.
The input voltage of the DC/DC converter is +5 V.
9 CAN : is a fast, serial interface (Controller Area Network). The control unit, the
electronics and the pneumatics communicate via a CAN interface. The transmission
rate is 800 kbit/s.
10 Bus driver: The address bus, the data bus and the check-back signals are transferred by
the bus driver to the motherboard. The 68332 CPU communicates with the optional
printed circuit boards located on the motherboard via the bus driver. Currently, it is
only the Pediatric Flow PCB (Neoflow option).
11 Sound generator: Controls the loudspeaker in the control unit. The sound generator
incorporates the volume control and sound generation for the loudspeaker. The
volume is controlled by the DUART.
12 Reset logic: The CPU 68332 can reset the control unit and the pneumatics. A reset is
also triggered if there is an undervoltage or overvoltage of the +5 V voltage. The
pneumatics can also reset the CPU 68332 PCB. The reset logic controls and displays the
resets.
13 CO2 Carrier PCB: is integrated in the electronic unit of the Evita. The printed circuit
board includes the mount and electrical isolation of the CO2 module and the SpO2
module, the mains failure logic, the temperature measurement and the voltage
monitoring
 • THANK YOU

• FREDRICK SIMWATA

• KNH

• GOD BLESS