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3. Programming Errors

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4 views

3. Programming Errors

Uploaded by

DAKSI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming Errors

Programming errors are mistakes or


issues in a computer program that
cause it to produce incorrect results, fail
to run, or behave unexpectedly. Errors
in programs are classified into several
types, and understanding these types is
critical for debugging and writing
reliable code.
Introduction
1. Syntax Errors
2. Runtime Errors
3. Logical Errors
4. Semantic Errors
5. Linker Errors (in
Compiled Languages)
6. Compilation Errors
1. Syntax Errors
• A syntax error occurs when the rules or structure of the
programming language are violated. These are usually
the result of typographical mistakes, such as missing
parentheses, incorrect keywords, or incorrect
punctuation.
1. Syntax Errors
2. Runtime Errors
• A runtime error occurs while the program is running.
These errors happen when the program encounters a
situation that it cannot handle, such as dividing by zero,
accessing invalid memory, or running out of system
resources.
2. Runtime Errors
3. Logical Errors
• A logical error occurs when the program compiles and
runs, but the output is incorrect due to flawed logic in
the code. These errors are the hardest to detect
because the program doesn’t crash or display obvious
issues, but it doesn’t behave as expected.
3. Logical Errors
4. Semantic Errors
• Semantic errors are closely related to logical errors but
focus more on the meaning of the code. Even if the
code follows the correct syntax, the operations may not
align with what the programmer intended to achieve.
Example:
If a programmer intends to calculate the average of two
numbers but writes the code that divides them by the
wrong number (e.g., divides by 3 instead of 2), this is a
semantic error.
5. Linker Errors (in Compiled Languages)

• Linker errors are specific to compiled


languages like C++ and occur when the linker
cannot successfully link together the compiled
code into an executable program.
5. Linker Errors (in Compiled Languages)
6. Compilation Errors
• Compilation errors prevent the program from
being successfully compiled into machine
code. These are usually a result of syntax
errors but can also be caused by other factors
like missing files or incompatible types.
How to Minimize Programming Errors
• Use an Integrated Development Environment (IDE): IDEs provide syntax highlighting, error
checking, and other features that can help prevent and detect errors early.

• Thorough Testing: Test the program with different types of inputs, including edge cases, to
ensure that runtime and logical errors are caught.

• Debugging Tools: Use debugging tools to step through the code and inspect variables, which
helps in finding runtime and logical errors.

• Code Reviews: Have another programmer review your code, as a fresh pair of eyes can often
spot errors that the original programmer might miss.

• Good Coding Practices:


• Write clear, readable, and well-documented code.
• Use meaningful variable names and proper indentation.
• Break large tasks into smaller functions or modules to reduce complexity.
Conclusion:

Programming is a powerful tool that allows us to solve


complex problems and create innovative solutions. By
understanding the basics, you can begin your journey
into the world of coding and software development.

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