Researh Design, Sample, and

Sampling Technique
01 Research
Design
 Research Design

- defined research design as an overall strategy that a

researcher uses to logically and coherently integrate the
various components of a study.

- quantitative research is classified into five (5) general kinds:

descriptive, correlational, ex post facto,
quasi-experimental and experimental.
 Descriptive Correlational Ex-post Facto
Research Design Research Design Research Design
- aims to observe and report - aims to determine whether an - aims to infer the cause
on a certain phenomenon, type increase or decrease in one from the already existing
of behaviour, or trait as it variable corresponds to the effects.
takes place or manifests itself. increase or decrease in another.
It does not seek to establish - used when the study being
-The researcher achieves conducted is exploratory and
a cause-effect relationship
this objective by using rating but mere association among little is known about the
scales and other means to variables. phenomenon or behaviour
measure the variables as they being studied.
occur.
 Quasi-Experimental Experimental
Research Design Research Design
- aims to establish a causal relationship between -applies variable manipulation
variables. This effect is presumed to have more extensively.
occurred during the study itself. This means
-Moreover, it does not only assign groups
that experimental manipulation is applied to the
subjects to some extent. It should be noted that but specific individuals to the control and
quasi-experimental designs divide the subjects treatment groups. This ensures greater control
into intact groups. on the part of the researcher and less threats
to the validity of the study.
An intact group has already been established
before the study takes place.
02
Sample &
Sampling
Methods
 Another crucial step in preparing your research is
determining your respondents, their
characteristics and the circumstances under
which they were selected. From this, you can
determine the total number of respondents referred
to as the population (Chico & Matira, 2016).
Sampling
- Barrot (2017) defined sampling as the process of systematically
selecting individuals, units, or groups to be analyzed during
the conduct of the study.
- The reason for selecting the samples is to get the information
about the target population. Thus, it is the goal in research
to make sure that the samples selected represent the target
the population. Being able to do this will increase the
generalizability of your findings.

Generalizability refers to the extent your findings can be applied in

other contexts.
Barrot (2017) presented different ways that can be used
in determining the sample size for a particular study:
 Heuristics
- It is a term normally used in qualitative studies as a research approach that
utilizes introspection. In quantitative research, it refers to the rule of thumb
for the sample size used in the study.
- Below are the suggested sample sizes in the different quantitative research
designs (Lunenburg & Irby, 2008).
Research Design # of Respondents/
Participants
Descriptive 800
Correlational 100-200
Ex-post Facto 30+
Experimental 30+
 Literature Review
- Another way to determine the sample size of your study is through
literature review. You may want to read studies similar to yours and
check the sample size that you plan to use.
 Formulas

total population
N
sample size n= ________
constant
1 + N e²
total population margin of error
A margin of error refers to the degree by which you are allowing an error to happen
in making a decision, to accept or reject a hypothesis which could have been
otherwise. This also determines your confidence level in arriving at such a decision.
Confidence level Margin of error
99% 0.01
98% 0.02
97% 0.03
96% 0.04
95% 0.05
94% 0.06
93% 0.07
92% 0.08
91% 0.09
90% 0.10

Note: .05 level is considered the safest—meaning, not too confident (99%) and not too unsure
(90%).
Example: You are faced with a population of 1, 500 individuals. Find the
sample
population using the formula with 95% level of confidence.
Given: 1500
n = _____________
N = 1,500 1 + 1500 (0.05)²

e = 0.05 1500
n = ________________ Final Answer:
1+ 1500 (0.0025)
n = 315.79 or 316
1500 Note: If the answer is in decimal

N n = ___________
1 + 3.75
number, always round it up regardless
of the value of the number next to it.

n= ________ 1500
n = _________
Thus, the sample size to be taken from
the population of 1, 500 is 316.
1 + N e² 4.75
Probability/Random Sampling
- According to Barrot (2017), random sampling (or probability
sampling) involves the selection of a group of respondents from
a larger population by chance. Through random sampling, the
researcher is expected to obtain samples that will represent the
population from which they are taken.
Types of Probability/Random Sampling
a. Simple Random Sampling
b. Stratified Sampling
c. Systematic Sampling
d. Cluster Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling
- In this type of sampling, all individuals in a given population have an
equal chance of being selected. It is considered the best way to obtain
a representative sample.
- One technique that you can use is the fish bowl technique wherein
you select the participants by drawing out names from a transparent
glass bowl.
 Stratified Random Sampling

- the population is divided into subgroups or strata (stratum in

singular form). The samples are then selected from these subgroups,
and not from the population as a whole. This technique is best used
when the characteristics of the subgroups may influence the variables
being measured. This means that the data obtained can be also
grouped into different classes.
Steps in determining the sample using the stratified sampling:
●

total population in a
sample size for each stratum
stratum
total population sample size
Example: Example: Find the sample size in each stratum using the data below
with 95% confidence level:
Grade Level Male Female
Grade 11 300 342
Grade 12 256 288

Determine the following:

1. total population
2. sample size
3.sample size in
each stratum
Systematic Sampling

total population
interval
sample size
Example:
●

k = 4.74 or 4 Thus, the interval of one respondent from

one another is 4.
Note: Always round the number down, regardless of the value
of the number after the decimal point. The lesser the interval,
the better, for it means that there will be more respondents to
be included in the sample size.
 Cluster Sampling
- involves the grouping of the population into subgroups or clusters.
However, these clusters are not created based on specific characteristics
or traits; thus, they are heterogeneous. This is a probability sampling
that makes you isolate a set of persons instead of individual members
to serve as the sample.
Example: If you want to have a sample of 240 out of 2, 000 students, you
can randomly select six sections with 40 students each to constitute the
sample.
Thank you for listening!
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