SCHOLAR’S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &

MANAGEMENT

PROJECT REPORT

ON

STUDIES ON LAND USE/LAND COVER AND CHANGE DETECTION OF NAGAON DISTRICT, ASSAM USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES
IN DEPARTMENT
OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING

ASSAM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY,

GUWAHATI
SUBMITTED BY: PROJECT GUIDE:
Himanjyoti Kalita (222150001035) PUKHRAMBAM BIDYANANDA SINGH
Bikram Deka (222150001014) Assistant Professor
Manoj Das (222150001059) Department of Civil
Engineering
Bhaswati Priyam Das (222150001010)
Hirak Thakuria (222150001037)
Pabanjyoti Hazarika (222150001067)
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project work entitled “Studies on Land Use/Land Cover and
Change Detection of Nagaon District, Assam Using Remote Sensing and GIS
Techniques” is carried out under the guidance and supervision of Pukhrambam
Bidyananda Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Scholars Institute of
Technology and Management, Garoghuli, Guwahati. This project work is submitted to the
Department of Civil Engineering during the academic year 2022-2025. The work is
never produced before by any authority except the Scholar’s Institute of Technology and

MPlaancea: gGeumwaenhtatfior
evaluation.
Date: 20-11-24

NAME ROLL NO. SIGNATURE

Himanjyoti Kalita 222150001035

Bikram Deka 222150001014

Manoj Das 222150001059

Bhaswati Priyam Das 222150001010

Hirak Thakuria 222150001037

Pabanjyoti Hazarika 222150001067

 CERTIFICATE
It is hereby certified that the work presented in the thesis entitled, “Studies On Land Use/Land Cover And
Change Detection Of Nagaon District, Assam Using Remote Sensing And GIS Techniques”, for
the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology and submitted to Scholars
Institute of Technology and Management, Garoghuli, Guwahati., is a bona fide and authentic
record of the work carried out by Himanjyoti Kalita (222150001035), Bikram Deka
(222150001014), Manoj Das (222150001059), Bhaswati Priyam Das (222150001010), Hirak Thakuria
(222150001037), Pabanjyoti Hazarika (222150001067), during the session 2022-2025 under our
supervision. Further, the subject matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted by her for the award of
any other degree of this or any other University.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

PROJECT GUIDE
Nandana Goswami
Pukhrambam Bidyananda Singh
Assistant Professor & Head of
Assistant Professor the Department
Department of Civil
Department of Civil Engineering
Engineering
Scholar’s Institute of Technology
Scholar’s Institute of Technology &
Management, Guwahati, Assam. & Management, Guwahati,
Assam.
 ACKNOWLEDMENT
I express my deep sense of gratitude to my esteemed institute “Scholars Institute of
Technology and Management, Garoghuli, Guwahati” which provided me the opportunity to do this
wonderful project on “Studies on Land Use/Land Cover and Change Detection of
Nagaon District, Assam Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques” to fulfil the most
cherished desired to reach my goal.

Special gratitude to Miss Nandana Goswami, Head of the Department, Department of Civil
Engineering for his encouragement, guidance and support throughout the project.

I take this opportunity to express my profound and whole heartfelt thanks to my guide, Mr.
Pukhrambam Bidyananda Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
whose patience, support and sincere guidance helped me in completion of this project
successfully.

I would like to thank all the faculty members and non-teaching staffs of Department of Civil
Engineering, Scholar’s Institute of Technology and Management for their direct and indirect help during
the project work.

Lastly, I thank my parents for their ever- kind blessings.

 ABSTRACT
Land use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing
natural resources and monitoring environmental changes. Evaluating LULC change at varied spatial
scales is of vital importance in wide range of perspectives such as environmental conservation,
resource management, land use planning, and sustainable development and many other
To maintain the present resources things. and to understand the causes and
natural
exploitation of soil and water resources the landconsequences
use, a land cover mapping and monitoring was done in
of over
the study area i.e. Nagaon District.

In this study, satellite images for April 2024 and November 2003 were used for LULC (Land Use/
Land Cover) Supervised classification. For the classification purposes, number of classes will be decided
according to the study area.

For Accuracy Assessment Classification error matrix and KAPPA analysis will be done. Change
Detection between both the images for all the land use and land cover classes will computed too.
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAG

ENO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF iv
FIGURES
1 ABBREVIATIONS v
1. General
INTRODUCTION 1
2. Software Model For The 2
Study 3
3. Study Area Description 5
4. Geography 5
5. Climate 5
6. Connectivity 6
2 7. Objectives
LITERATURE
REVIEW
5. General 7
6. Literature 8
3 Review AND
MATERIALS
METHODS
7. General 9
8. Data Source 9
9. Methodologies 11
3.4 Supervised Classification and Maximum 13
Classifier
Likelihood
5. Data Preparation and Image Pre-Processing 13
6. Layer Stacking 14
4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE 15
STUDIES REFERENCES 16
 TABLE OF FIGURES

FIG TITLE PAGE NO.

Fig 1 (a) Location of study area 4

within India

(b)Location of study area within

Assam

(c)Satellite image of the

Nagaon

Fig 2 FCC satellite image of study 10

area (2003)

Fig 3 FCC satellite image of study 10

area (2024)

Fig 4 The land use land 12

cover (LULC) mapping

process is

depicted in a flow chart.

 ABBREVIATIONS
LU/LC Land Use Land Cover

GIS Google Information System

ARCGIS Aeronautical reconnaissance coverage geographic information system

TM Thematic Mapper

USGS United States Geological Survey

FCC False color composite

GeoTiff Geographic Tagged Image File Format

ML Maximum Likelihood

ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
Land cover refers to the physical characteristics or surface cover on the ground, captured in the distribution of water,
vegetation, soil and other physical features and Land use refers to the way in which land has been used by humans and their
habitats territories (agriculture, water body, industries, settlements etc.). Although land use is generally known to inferred based
on the cover of the earth’s surface, yet both the terms land use and land cover are nearly interchangeable and related.
Taking for an example, settlements is cover but if we include structures like buildings whether it is being used for industrial
activity or residence, it shows the land use component (Chaudhary et al, 2008). We, human beings have been altering the face
of the earth for the last few centuries but the high usage of machines and industrialization with urbanisation at its peak, the land
use and cover of the earth has changed drastically in a very fast pace in the last three centuries. The debate and arguments
about the relationship between the dynamics of human population and the availability of natural resources on earth dates back
to more than 200 years when Malthus (1798) put forward his argument that population growth would eventually outstrip or
overpass way of the production capacity of the land. One of the most extensive and widespread ad anthropogenic causes of the
loss of agriculture land is urbanisation (Lopez, et al., 2001), habitat destruction (Alphan, 2003), and the decline in natural
vegetation cover of the earth surface. Rapid population growth is one of the major reasons of urbanization. Urban area
population has grown exponentially and by 2011, for the first time in human history, more people in the world will be living in
metropolis, cities and towns than in rural areas. By 2017 the developing world is likely to have become more urban in
character than rural, hence, the vast majority of urban growth is now occurring in the developing world (UN-Habitat, 2003). It is
very accurate in certain countries like India, China, Bangladesh, etc. where urbanization is increasing at a high environmental
cost. In India 79 million people lived in urban areas in 1961 but it reached to 285 million people in the year 2001 (Rahman, et
al., 2011). Accordingly, the metropolitan cities are magnified spatially and large areas are being transformed areas such as
colonies, industrial development and infrastructure projects. According to the 1991 census there were 23 metropolitan cities
in India which increased to 35 in 2001.
 LU/LC is important for a lot of human activities taking place. LU/LC can be considered as an essential
element for modelling and understanding the earth (Lillesand, et al., 2004, pp. 215). Operational
monitoring of LU/LC from multi- period satellite images which contain plentiful information about earth
surface will provide the comprehensive data to analyze the changes between different ground features. In
general, there are two applications of satellite image which are generating map of land use and land cover
by image classification and then the results of the changes of land use and land cover can be achieved by
change detection. Remote sensing and GIS have covered wide range of applications and importance in the
fields of agriculture, environments, and integrated eco-environment assessment. Many researchers have
focused on LU/LC studies because of their adverse effects on ecology of the area and vegetation.

To maintain the present benefits of natural resources and to understand the causes and consequences of
over exploitation of soil and water resources the land use and land cover mapping and monitoring will be
needed essentially in the study area i.e. Nagaon, Assam, India hence the current study will carry out for the
period 2003 and 2024. The results for each land cover class will be derived, and the total area of each land
cover class for the entire study will be compared using the two classified images from 2003 and 2024.

1.2 SOFTWARE MODEL FOR THE STUDY

ArcGIS 10.4 is a software model which includes different types of tools and also a group of geographic
information system (GIS). This software model is produced and made by ESRI. ArcGIS was made around the
geodatabase, which uses an object relational database approach for storing different types of data including
spatial data. A geodatabase is a "vessel" for holding datasets, tying together the spatial features with
attributes. The geodatabase can also contain topology information, and can model many features, such as
road intersections, with rules on how features are relating to one another. When working with geodatabases,
it is important to understand about different feature classes which are a set of features, represented with
points, lines and polygons. The shape files can only handle one type of feature. A geodatabase can store
different type of features or multiple feature classes within one file.

ArcGIS for Desktop consists of several interwind applications, including Arc Map, ArcCatalog,
to browse datasets and files on user's computer, database, or other sources.
ArcCatalog allows users to exercise the data on a map and the capable to
view and manage metadata for spatial datasets. Arc Map is the operation
used to view, edit and query geospatial data, and can also produce maps. The
ArcMap interface has two main sections, including a table of contents on the
left and the data frames which display the maps. Menus and items in the
table of contents correspond with layers on the map. Arc Toolbox contains geo
processing, data conversion, and analysis tools, along with much important of
the functionality in ArcInfo. It’ll also allow the users to use batch processing
with Arc Toolbox, for constantly repeated tasks.

1.3 STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION

Nagaon district in the Indian state of Assam. It
is situated 122.6 kilometres east of Guwahati. The
district total area is 2,287 km2 and is bounded
by 26.3503828°N
92.6795912°E. the total population according to 2024 survey census is
1892550 with density 830/km2.
Figure 1 – (a) Location of study area within India (b) Location of study area within Assam (c)
Satellite image of the Nagaon.
1. GEOGRAPHY:
The Kolong River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River, flows through Nagaon and in the process divides the
city into two distinct regions: Nagaon and Haibargaon.Nagaon is bounded on the north by the Sonitpur
district and the Brahmaputra River. On the south, it borders the West Karbi Anglong district, Dima Hasao
and Hojai District. On the east it is bounded by the Karbi Anglong district and the Golaghat district, while on
the west it neighbours the Marigaon district. There are several beels, marshy areas and swamps in the
district, including the regions of Marikalong, Potakalong, Haribhanga,
Jongalbalahu, Samaguri Beel, Gatanga Beel Urigadang and Nawbhanga. These wetlands are former
channels of the Kolong and Kopili rivers.

2. CLIMATE:

Nagaon has been ranked 25th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 3 population under 3 lakhs
cities) in India.

3. CONNECTIVITY:
Nagaon is situated at around 122 kms from the state capital Guwahati on the earlier National Highway NH-37
(presently state highway) connecting Guwahati in the west, upper and northern Assam in the east. The state
highway which was originally running through the heart of the city is being diverted along the southern
periphery after this part of the NH-37 got integrated with the National East-West corridor which connects
Silchar and Porbandar. The national highway - NH-36 towards Diphu town also originates from Nagaon.

The Haibargaon Railway station was established in 1887 and Nagaon Railway station was established
subsequently. Both the Railway connectivity sources facilitate a strong network for rail communication.
Moreover, the Chaparmukh railway junction through which most of the major trains pass through is located
just 28 kms from the Nagaon town.

The nearest airport at Tezpur is located at a distance of 73 kms from the heart of Nagaon town which
1.4 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this research are given below:
•Determine the rate of land use/cover change and where the change
is taking place in the study area during the time period.
•Evaluate which digital image processing classification techniques
provide the best change detection information.
•Provide an improved understanding of the process of changes in land
use/cover patterns within the study area to develop policies that
can generate sustainable land use/cover management practices and
help develop alternative economic incentives to the population
living in area and for the future development works.
 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
1. GENERAL
Literature review gives a brief description of the theory and it surveys the literature in a chosen area of a
research i.e analysis of Land Use Land Cover detection using remote sensing and Google information system
techniques for the current study. A literature review shows the readers an in-depth grasp of the subject. This
is mainly based on several studies conducted by different authorities and organizations. Different analysis and
design are also included to give excellent results on analysis of Land Use Land Cover detection using Remote
Sensing and Gis techniques.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Abujam Manglem Singh., Koijam Renubala Devi (2016) together carrried out a work on Landuse and Landcover
Change Detection of Fringe Areas of Imphal City,Manipur,India. The two different periods is 1989 and 2010.
Supervised classification was used to find out changes in the city and its fringe areas, and maps were
prepared with the help of Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. Results indicate that built-up areas have grown
into the fringe areas of the city at the expense of other land use categories with serious implications for socio-
economy and environment of the region. The study concluded that rapid growth of Imphal is encroaching into
fertile lands in fringe areas mainly because of unregulated construction of built-ups use for multiple purposes
in the city.

Asep Karsidi (2004). This study is concerned with detection of Land Use Land Cover change, identification,
analysis and prediction using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The study area is downstream of Citarum
watershed and its surrounding in West Java, Indonesia. The result showed that population or demographic
pressure as well as economic growth and physical environmental conditions are the factors which affects
simultaneously in the study area. Land use and allocation and proper management supported by the
appropriate techniques such as GIS and remote sensing are required to avoid such land use conflict.
at temporal variation in LULC for the year 2002, 2007, 2011, 2017, and 2021 to assess the transformation
in LULC between years 2002 and 2021. The satellite imagery has been collected from USGS (United States
Geological Survey) platform for 5 different years (2002, 2007, 2011, 2017, and 2021). The satellite bands
were analyzed after band composition followed by Supervised classification. The satellite bands
LANDSAT4-5, LANDSAT 7 ETM+, LANDSAT 8 (OLI) were utilized for the year 2002, 2007, 2011, 2017, and
2021. The study concluded that Vegetated Area got reduced 65% to 52% while the Sparsely Vegetated Area
increases from 15% to 18%. The TVA and SVA underwent significant changes, while little changes were
identified in the Agricultural Area and Barren Area over the years. Agriculture Area increases from 2% to 4%
whereas Barren Area increases from 8% to 12%. Populated Area was also changed from 8% to 11%.

Akhtar Alam., M. Sultan Bhat., M. Maheen (2019). This work aims to examine the land use and land cover changes
in the Kashmir valley between the time periods from 1992–2001– 2015 using a set of compatible moderate
resolution Landsat satellite imageries. Results shows that there have been substantial changes in the land
use and cover of the study area during the chosen time periods. Most of these LULC changes are unplanned
and predominantly a result of anthropogenic activities, with a range of negative impacts on the environment.

AnilKumar Tengli (2014). In this work Bidar city is taken as case to study the urban expansion and land cover
change that took place in a span of 10 years from 2002 to 2012. GIS & Remote sensing methodology is
adopted to study the geographical land use land cover changes occurred during the study period. After the
image pre-processing, un- supervised classification has been performed to classify the images in to different
land use categories. The outcome of analysis have enabled in identifying the area undergoing rapid
development, and areas suitable for further development, knowledge of which would be very critical for the
planning future works.

Biswajit Majumder (2011). The study was undertaken to analyze the land use and land cover change that has
taken place in Sukinda valley between 1975 and 2005 using Remote Sensing data and GIS by mapping land
cover and land use. The result of the work shows a rapid growth in mining between 1975 and 2005 at the
 CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. GENERAL
In remote sensing and for the current land use land cover studies, a representative ground truth data
is a prerequisite to associate this reflectance property to the object with the train classifiers and
facilitate accurate automatic classification (Muzein, 2006). Investigate the trend changes in each land
cover type, the entire image can classify by supervised or unsupervised classification method using
maximum likelihood classifier (algorithm) environment. In this study, Landsat images will be used of
the required years for the study area, random control points, and ARCGIS 10.3 software, Google earth
images for further uses in the LULC classification.

2. DATA SOURCE:
Satellite imagery from both 2003 and 2024 was sourced from the USGS Earth Explorer online portal
specifically targeting summer and winter season to increase the chances of obtaining cloud-free
images. These images were selected to analyse changes in land use and land cover (LULC). The 2003
satellite image, covering a Landsat 4-5 TM scene, and the 2024 image from the Sentinel-2 L2A dataset
were utilized for this purpose. Landsat datasets were accessed freely from the USGS Earth Explorer
online archive. The data, provided in Geo TIFF format, consisted of bands representing intensity values
across different wavelengths, depicted as grayscale images of the study area. To ensure accuracy in
WRS:P/
classification, only Acq.Date
high-quality, Data scenes
cloud-free set Scale Source
were utilized in the Type
research, as cloud cover and
unwanted shading
R can significantly impact classification results.
2:135/0 2003-11- TM 30m USGS GeoTIFF
4 20
3
2:135/0 2024-04- TM 30m USGS GeoTIFF
Figure 2 - FCC satellite image of
study area (2003)

Figure 3 - FCC satellite

image of study area (2024)
3.3 METHODOLOGIES:
This study focuses on analyzing changes in land use and land cover (LULC)
using satellite imagery as the primary data source. The method employed for
this analysis is supervised classification, a well-established approach that
involves grouping the LULC categories identified from satellite images. This
method entails an image analyst supervising pixels through a specific
algorithm, resulting in a numerical representation of various land cover types
present in the scene. Training sites, selected as representative samples of
identified land cover types, are used to create a key that assigns numerical
values to different land cover types based on their spectral attributes. The
Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithm, widely utilized in supervised classification,
relies on probability functions assuming normally distributed training data for
each class in each band. ArcMap
10.3 software was utilized for the analysis and classification of satellite
images, as well as for accuracy assessment and area calculations. Microsoft
Excel was employed for creating tables and conducting calculations related to
land cover changes. Google earth is also used as a secondary data source for
the ground survey. The study's workflow is illustrated in a flow diagram (figure
 Data
Acquisition

USGS USGS
Website Website

Satellite Satellite
images images
Landsat 4 - 5 Sentinel -
L2TM C2 L2A2
(1988) 2023

Image pre-processing

- Layer stacking

- Extract the study area

Image classification
Supervised classification
using Maximum likelihood
classificati
on

LULC Map 2003 LULC Map 2024

Generate attribute
Table
Change analysis Accurac
Change map (2003– y
2024) assessm
e nt
analysis

Resul
t and
Discussi
o n
Figure 4. The land use land cover (LULC) mapping process is
depicted in a flow chart.
 3.4 SUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION AND CLASSIFIER MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD

Supervised classification is the technique often used for the quantitative analysis of remote sensing image
data. It is the concept of segmenting the spectral domain into regions that can be associated with the
ground cover classes of interest to a particular application. To classify unknown identity pixels, supervised
classification depends or uses samples of known identity pixels. These samples that are of the training
areas, are selected by the analyst under his supervision. These training samples are important because
they will determine which class each pixel inherits in the overall image classification. Supervised
classification involves three steps: (1) selecting training areas which is identifying representative training
areas and developing a numerical description of the spectral attributes of each land cover type in the
scene; (2) generate signature file, the signature file is what holds all the training sample data that we
collect up to this point; (3) classify stage: in this step, the input is your signature file which has the
training samples and for the current study Maximum Likelihood Classifier method is adopted. The process
of the supervised classification is user- controlled unlike the Unsupervised Classification and are more
accurate than unsupervised. A detailed description about MLC is explained in many books (Richards and
Jia 1999, Lilesand and Kiefer 2002, Jensen 2005).

3.5 DATA PREPARATION AND IMAGE PRE-PROCESSING

Both Landsat 4-5 TM C2 L2 images dated November 2003, and April 2024 Sentinel-2 L2A images were
utilized for land use/cover classification. Satellite data for the research area was acquired from the Earth
Explorer site. These datasets were imported into ArcMap version 10.8, a software for satellite image
processing, to generate false color composites (FCC). Both the USGS Earth Explorer and Sentinel Hub EO
Browser offer various types of satellite imagery at no cost. Given the challenge of finding cloud-free
images from free data sources, a criterion of less than 10% cloud cover was set during the search,
resulting in cloud covers ranging from 3% to 7%, which did not impact the outcome significantly. The
datasets were downloaded in TIF format and extracted from zipped files. A layer stack tool was employed
cloud cover. These pre-processing procedures aim to enhance the clarity of visual
interpretation and spectral distinction of surface features, ultimately providing
better inputs for automated image processing algorithms (Seyam et al., 2023).

3.6 LAYER STACKING

The satellite imagery was combined into a single file, creating a False Color
Composite (FCC) image using the layer stack tool in ArcGIS software. With
Landsat 4-5 TM C2 L2 having 7 bands and Sentinel-2 L2A having 11 bands, all
selected bands from both datasets were merged into a single image within
ArcMap 10.8. Each band was allocated to a specific color channel (Red, Green,
and Blue), resulting in various combinations of true-color and false-color
composites for the study area. Subsequently, the composite image was cropped
to focus solely on the study area, thereby expediting image processing and
analysis. By examining both the true-color and false-color composites, distinct
classes such as “Waterbody,” “Settlements,” “Agriculture,” “Wasteland,” and
“Vegetation” could be identified. To extract the study area from the composite
band, the study area shapefile created within the ArcGIS was used and with the
help of ArcGIS tool the study area was clipped.
 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE STUDIES
In this study, the integration of remote sensing and GIS will be utilized to
quantify and comprehend the Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) alterations in
Nagaon spanning 21 years from 2003 to 2024. The methodology employed in
this investigation was uncomplicated and cost-effective. Utilizing satellite
imagery, the extent of alterations in land- use within Nagaon will be
ascertained. The study will be demonstrated that satellite data possesses a
distinctive ability to promptly and precisely identify changes in land use. The
assessment of classification accuracy in this study will be conducted through
the confusion matrix.

Hence, continuous monitoring of LULC alterations is imperative for ensuring

environmental sustainability. Future research endeavours could focus on
analyzing phenomena such as flash floods, waterlogging, and greenhouse gas
emissions, with the incorporation of advanced technologies such as machine
learning and deep learning algorithms to enhance algorithmic performance
 REFERENCES

1.Abujam Manglem Singh, & Devi, K. R. (2016). “Landuse And Landcover Change
Detection Of Fringe Areas Of Imphal City”, Manipur, India. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 21(2), 09-16.

2.Asep Karsidi (2004). “Spatial analysis of land use/land cover change dynamics using remote sensing and
geographic information systems: a case study in the down stream and surroundings of the Ci Tarum watershed
(Doctoral dissertation)”.

3.Ashangbam Inaoba Singh., & Singh, K. (2021, November). “Remote Sensing and GIS based Land Use Land Cover
Analysis in Chandel District, Manipur, India”. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 889,
No. 1, p. 012046). IOP Publishing.

4.Akhtar Alam., M. Sultan Bhat., M. Maheen (2019). “Using Landsat satellite data for assessing the land use and land
cover change in Kashmir valley”.Springer

5.AnilKumar Tengli (2014). “Land Use Land Cover of Bidar City using GIS & RS Techniques”Internation Journal of
Engineering Research and Technology.

6.Biswajit Majumder (2011). “Land use and land cover change detection study at Sukinda Valley using remote
sensing and GIS (Doctoral dissertation)”.

7.B. S. Chaudhary and A. K. Sinha (2003) “Study on land use/ land cover evolution in southern part of haryana, india
using remote sensing and GIS”

8. Campbell, J. B. (1996). Introduction to remote sensing (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Fransis

9.Combination of MSS Landsat and Land Use Map- A case study of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, International Journal of
Remote Sensing 17(5): 931– 944.

10.Dires Tewabe and Temesgen Fentahun (2020) “Assessing land use and land cover change detection using remote
sensing in the Lake Tana Basin, Northwest Ethiopia”. Cogent Environmental Science, 6(1), 1778998.

11.Fanting Gong & Qingling Liu (2013). “Monitoring land use and land cover change: a combining approach of
change detection to analyze urbanization in Shijiazhuang, China”.

12.Harshika A. Kaul and Ingle Sopan (2012). “Land use land cover classification and change detection using high