Dicot root

Dicot root (x20)

epidermis

phloem cortex of
parenchyma

endodermis

xylem
 Dicot root (x600)

starch grains
sieve tube
cell

endodermal
cell with thick
ened wall
xylem
vessel passage cell –
allows water and
pericycle minerals to pass
through
 Old dicot root (x20)

epidermis

phloem cortex of
parenchyma
cambium

xylem
Monocot root
 Monocot root (x20)
phloem
epidermis
collenchyma metaxylem

parenchyma
endodermis protoxylem
- A layer of cell betw
een the pericycle and
the cortex – regulates
passage of water and
minerals into stele.
pith
-the central parenchy
matous tissue
Dicot stem
 Dicot stem (x50)
fibre

epidermis

xylem

parenchyma
 Dicot stem (x100)
cambium
- a zone of meri fibre
stematic cells, b
etween xylem a
nd pholem phloem

companion
cell

xylem
Sunflower stem
Helianthus annuus
Sunflower stem (x20)
epidermis

collenchymatous
cortex

parenchymatous
cortex

vascular bundle
pith
Helianthus stem (x50) epidermis

collenchyma cortex
parenchyma

bundle cap o
f fibres
phloem vascular
cambium bundle

xylem

pith – parenchyma cells

Helianthus stem (x500)

fibres

phloem
intrafascicular
cambium
metaxylem

protoxylem
Tilia stem
 Tilia stem first year (x50)
Remains of epidermis
secondary
xylem
cork
collenchymatous primary
cortex xylem
parenchymatous
pith
cortex
secondary
phloem

vascular
cambium
 Tilia stem, 2nd year (x20)
secondary
fibre xylem of 2nd
year’s growth
secondary
phloem
secondary
vascular xylem of 1st
cambium year’s growth

late wood
formed in autumn/summer primary
xylem
early wood
formed in spring
 Tilia stem (x50)

early
wood late
- xylem wood
formation in
- xylem
spring (with
formation in
more rain
summer
fall)
(with less
rain fall)
Monocot stem
 Monocot stem - Zea mays (x20)
metaxylem

epidermis
protoxylem
collenchymatous
cortex

parenchymatous sheath of fibres

cortex - lignified
supporting tissue
parenchyma
-a thin-walled living
cells with large vacuoles
 Monocot stem - Zea mays (x20)
sheath of metaxylem
fibres
phloem
(sieve tube
elements)

companion protoxylem
the first primary
cell xylem

- a small nucleated
cell associated with
some sieve-tube
elements of phloem
parenchyma
 Monocot stem - Zea mays LS (x50)
epidermis

sheath of fibres
collenchymatous
cortex
phloem
parenchymatous
xylem cortex
parenchyma
Cucurbita stem
Cucurbita stem (x10)
epidermis
fibres

xylem

pith
 Cucurbita stem (x50)
epidermis
collenchyma
fibres
parenchyma
outer pholem
cambium
metaxylem
protoxylem

inner phloem pith

 Cucurbita stem LS (x50)
sieve plate fibres
- aggregate of
sieve areas in
the wall of
sieve cells

outer parenchyma
phloem
sieve element
- a single cell companion
with sieve cell
plates
Dicot leaf
 Dicot leaf (x50)
cuticle upper
epidermis
palisade
vascular mesophyll
bundle
spongy
mesophyll

air space
lower
epidermis

guard cell
 Dicot leaf (x30) cuticle
upper
epidermis
collenchyma palisade
mesophyll
xylem
cambium vein
phloem
spongy
mesophyll
lower
epidermis
Monocot leaf
 Monocot leaf (x30)
epidermis
fibres
mesophyll cells

cuticle

metaxylem protoxylem air space guard cell

phloem
Nymphaea leaf
Floating leaf
Nymphaea leaf (x20)
upper epidermis
mesophyll cell

vascular bundle

air space

lower epidermis
 Nymphaea leaf (x20)

guard cell upper

epidermis

stomatal pore mesophyll

cell

chlorophyll
sub-stomatal
air cavity
 Pine
Xerophytic leaf
 Pine – leaf (x500)
resin canal
- a secretory-cell-bo
cuticle
unded tube in conif
ers into which resin epidermis
is secreted with thick cuticle
mesophyll
cell
endodermis pericycle
- a zone of living
phloem cells just within the
endodermis
xylem
with tracheids
guard cell hypodermis
of fibres
sunken stoma
Pine – male cone, LS
microsporophyll
- a leaf bearing on
microspores e or more microsp
- Formed from orangia
microsporocyte;
will develop into a
male gametophyte
microsporangium
- a sporangium
producing
axis of cone microspores
Xerophytic leaf
 Xerophytic leaf (x50)
upper epidermis
collenchyma
cuticle

palisade
mesophyll
vascular
bundle
spongy
mesophyll
xylem
phloem

lower
epidermis
 Xerophytic leaf (x50)
cuticle

upper epidermis

palisade
mesophyll
vascular xylem
bundle phloem stoma

spongy
mesophyll

lower hair
epidermis
 State the adaptive features of xerophytic leaf.
Thick waxy cuticle acts as a barrier to
evaporation; its shiny surface reflects
heat and so lowers the leaf temperature.
Sunken stomata - lie in pits of the
epidermis; moist air trapped here
lengthens the diffusion pathway and
reduces evaporation rate.
Thick-walled epidermal cells – reduce
water loss through transpiration.
 Macerated
vascular tissue
Macerated plant tissue

parenchyma cell

xylem vessel
elements

fibre
Macerated plant tissue
tracheid

xylem vessel
element

fibre
Stages of Mitosis
Vicia root tip
 Mitosis – Vicia root tip, L.S. (10x40)

Interphase Telophase
The period between
Daughter chromosomes
two successive
reach opposite poles,
mitotic cell divisions
begin to uncoil with
formation of nuclear
membrane.

Anaphase
Chromatids separate fr
om each other and mov
e towards opposite pol
es.

Chromosomes begin to
Prophase appear as darkly stained
strands.
Mitosis – Vicia root tip, L.S. (10x40)
Metaphase
Chromosomes
line up at equator
of spindle.

early Prophase
Chromosomes begin
to appear as darkly
stained strands.

Anaphase Interphase
Chromatids separate fro Nucleus contains
m each other and move chromatin and nucleolus,
towards opposite poles. sometimes with duplicated
chromosomes.
Identify the different stages of mitosis.
Anaphase
Interphase

Early Prophase

Late Prophase

Metaphase
Algae
 Algae - Spirogyra (x100)

spiral
chloroplast
pyrenoid
- a region of vacuole
condensation
of glucose
into starch

cell wall
 Algae - Spirogyra (x100)

nucleus conjugation
tube
- a tube for
passage of
gametes
Fungi
 Fungi – Rhizopus (x100)
spore

columella
- the central
sterile
tissue
sporangium surrounded
- a spore sac by spores

sporangiophore - a hypha bearing sporangia

 Fungi – Rhizopus (x100)
zygospore
- a thick-walled
dormant zygote

suspensor
- a sterile cell adj
acent to the game
tangium
septum
 Fungi – Penicillium (x400)
conidium
- an asexually
produced spores
sterigma

conidiophore
- a hypha that pr
oduces conidia
 Fungi – Aspergillus (x400)

conidium

conidiophore
Fern
 Fern - Sporangia
receptacle leaf

indusium
- a thin
covering
layer of a
group of
sporangia

spore - will germinate to form gametophytes sporangia

 Fern - Sporangium
annulus
- builds up a
tension to split
open the
stalk sporangium as
water is lost
from the
sporangial wall

lip cell
- thin-walled cells
spore
that interrupt the
annulus in certain
fern sporangia
 • Describe the mechanism of spores dispersal in
fern.
Water evaporates from the sporangium through
the thin outer wall of annulus cells. This causes
the annulus to shorten and rupture the sporangium
transversely at the tip cells. Continued
evaporation causes the ruptured sporangium to
snap back or catapult, dispersing the spores.