BASIC LOG INTERPRETATION COCEPTS.

Porosity (φ) : The void space between grains that is generally

filled with liquids or gases.

Effective porosity: the volume of rock that connected pores

Water Saturation (Sw) : the percentage of the pore space filled

with water (as opposed to hydrocarbons or air).

Permeability (K ): the ability of the rock to pass fluids through it

Porosity is the
measure of the total
volume between the
rock grains.

Pore
Spac
e

Rock
Grain
s
 BULK DENSITY LOG
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOb DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f
50 SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -
ACAL 0.15 MLLCF
6 16 0.2
200 RHOb
10700

1.95

2.95

10800

Bulk Density
10900
Log
We should distinguish between:-
Bulk Density :-. (e.g. : Sandstone) which decreases with
increasing the porosity.

Porous rock density increases with increasing water

saturation (compared to dry rock)

Density of the solid matrix material :-. e.g. : Qz

Density of the pore fluid :-. e.g. : water

Density Tools Can Run in open and

cased Hole & Measure Total Porosity
Equipmen 1.9
gm/
2.9
5 5
t:
A radioactive source. This is usually caesium-137 cc
or cobalt-60, and emits gamma rays of medium
energy (in the range 0.2 – 2 MeV). For example,
caesium-137 emits gamma rays with energy of
0.662 MeV.
A short range detector. This detector is very similar
to the detectors used in the natural gamma ray
tools, and is placed 7 inches from the source.
A long range detector. This detector is identical to
the short range detector, and is placed 16 inches
from the source.
Gamma ray enters the formation, then scattering &
looses some of its energy then absorbed by a
formation. Then, the detectors detect γ ray which
emitted from excited atoms which related to the
formation.
•The formation density log is a porosity log
Eccentric Density
that measures electron density of Tool
formation.
 A chemical source (137Cs) emits gamma
rays into
the formation
Sourc
e
As the gamma rays collide with
formation
materials their energy is reduced or
attenuated

Two gamma detectors measure the

radiation
received in counts per second
The count rate is proportional to the
porosity of the formation
Gamma
Detecto
rs
Densities of Typical Minerals and
Fluids
Material Formula Density g/cm3
Quartz SiO2 2.65
Calcite CaCo3 2.71
Dolomite CaCo3 .MgCo3 2.87
Anhydrite CaSO4 2.96
Gypsum CaSO4 . 2H20 2.32
Halite NaCI 2.165
Sylivte KCI 1.98
Anthractic Coal 1.40-1.80
Bituminous Coal 1.20 – 1.50
Lignite 0.70 – 1.50
Water H20 1.00
Saltwater (100.000 PPM) 1.07
Saltwater (200.000 PPM) 1.146
Oil Cn (CH2) 0.80
Gas CnH2n + 2 0.20
Vertical
resolution
The vertical resolution at the typical logging speed (1300 ft/hr) is
good (about 26 cm, 10 inches),which is defined by the distance
between the two detectors.

Even better resolutions are possible with slower logging speeds.

For example, thin (5 –10 cm thick) layers of calcareous nodules.

The high vertical resolution means that the log is useful for defining
formation boundaries.

Depth of Investigation

• The depth of investigation of the tool is very shallow.

•For Schlumberger’s FDC tool 90% of the response comes from the
first 13 cm (5 inches) from the borehole wall for a 35% porosity
sandstone (which ha low density compared with most reservoir
rocks). In higher density rocks the depth of investigation is even
less, and a value of about 10 cm (4 inches) can be taken as an average
value for reservoir rocks.
Identification of
Evaporites:
Evaporites are often found in a very pure state, and have
clearly defined
densities.
 0
Lithologic Density 10
Barns/
Tool electrons
The Pe, or litho density log, run with the litho
(LDT),
density is another version of the standard
tool Material Pe
formation
density log. In addition
also measures to the bulk
the photoelectric density (index
absorption b),
the tool
(Pe) of the formation. This new parameter enables Sand 1.81
a lithological interpretation to be made without
prior knowledge of porosity. Shale 3–4

Uses of the Litho-Density Limestone 5.08

Log
Dolomite 3.14

Determination of Lithology
The litho-density log is one of the two most Salt 4.65
useful approaches to lithological
determination down hole.
This lithology Anhydrite 5.05
may then be
checked against the other tool
readings for consistency
Depth of
Investigation
PEF measurement from the litho-density tool have a depth of
investigation of 50 to 60 cm.

Vertical Resolution
The litho-density tool has a vertical bed resolution of 50 to 60 cm, which is
slightly better than the formation density tool. The enhanced vertical
resolution results from the shorter distance between the short and
the long spacing detectors.

As with the formation density log, it is possible to enhance the vertical
resolution of this log by slowing down the logging speed and using modern
digital data processing.
 Factors affecting Density
Logs
•Borehole and mud filtrate.
–Density is a pad tool affected by washouts.

•Shale and Clays

–Shale reduce the effective porosity.
–Vsh and shale density can be calculated from log.

•Hydrocarbon
–Light HC results in low density and overestimated
porosity
APPLICATION
S:
The Formation Density log has a number of
applications:
 Measuring density of the formation.

 Calculation of porosity.

When combinedwith sonic travel times, the density data gives

the acoustic impedance, which is important for
calibration of seismic data.

 Identification of Evaporites.

Gas detection in reservoirs when used in combination with the

neutron log.

 The Pe curve is a good lithology indicator.

 Densit y
1.9 G/ 2.9
5 cc 5

Shal
e

San

Shal
San
d
e
Shal
e
 Density Porosity
Observed Bulk Density

b = Volume Fluid x Fluid

density
Shal +
e Volume Rock x Rock
density
San
= ( f x ) + ( ma x (1-
d
))
Shal
e ØD  ρ mat  ρ b
ρ mat  ρ f
2.1
5 San
Sand density =
d
2.65
Water density =
Shal 1.0 2.15 -> Porosity =
Density
e 30%
 POROSITY FROM NEUTRON LOG
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC NPHI
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -
ACAL 0.15 MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
10700 NPHI
0.45 -0.15

10800

Neutron
10900
Log
 NEUTRON TOOLS 0.4
5 %
-
0.15
Neutron tools were the first logging instruments to use radioactive sources for determining
the porosity of the formation.
Neutron tool is a porosity log that Measures the concentration of hydrogen atoms in the
formation
In clean reservoirs containing little or no shale, the neutron log response will provide a good
measure of formation porosity if liquid-filled pore spaces contain hydrogen, as is the case
when pores are filled with oil or water (hydrogen index =1, ). By contrast, when logging shaly or
gas-bearing formations, a combination of Neutron and Density readings will often be required
for accurate porosity assessment.

 Neutron Tools Measure Total

Porosity.
The amount of energy lost at each collision depends on the relative mass of the target
nucleus, and the scattering (of gamma ray) cross section.

CNL :- Compensated Neutron

Log.
SNP:- Sidewall Neutron Porosity
Log GNT:- Gamma ray /
 More Fewe High
hydroge r porosit
n count y
Less s
hydroge Low
n More porosit
y
count
s

For a given formation, amount of hydrogen in the formation (I.e.

hydrogen index) impacts the number of neutrons that reach the
receiver. A large hydrogen index implies a large liquid-filled
porosity (oil or water).
Summary:
The neutrons that are emitted from a neutron source have a high energy of several million
electron volts (MeV) After emission, they collide with the nuclei within the borehole fluid and
formation materials. With each collision, the neutrons loose some of their energy.

The largest loss of energy occurs when the neutrons collide with hydrogen atoms. The rate at
which the neutrons slow-down depends largely on the amount of hydrogen in the formation.

With each collision the neutrons slow down, until the neutrons reach a lower (epithermal)
energy state and then continue to lose energy until they reach an even lower (thermal) energy
state of about 0.025 eV.

At this energy the neutrons are in thermal equilibrium with other nuclei in the formation.

Porosity (or the hydrogen index) can be determined by measuring thermal neutron,
or by measuring capture gamma rays, or any combination.
Fluid Shale Matrix

SS. L.S Dol. Anhydrite

0.1 0.4-0.5 4 0 -4 -1
Accelerator Porosity Sonde (APS):-
Makes thermal and epithermal neutrons measurements to
determine formation hydrogen content with minimal
influence from formation atom density.

 Accelerator (ELECTRONIC) neutron source,

instead of a chemical source.

This construction produced a stable

epithermal neutron tool, which can be run
at logging speeds that are compatible with
the density
Chlorine
effect:-
 Some types of neutron tool measure the thermal neutrons and gamma rays produced
during the
capture of neutrons.

There are only two elements that are found in reservoirs that contribute significantly to
neutron absorption hydrogen and chlorine.

 The presence of hydrogen in the fluids is what we want to measure, so this is not a
problem.

If the drilling mud, mud filtrate or formation fluids contain a significant amount of
dissolved chloride ions, as is often the case, the tool will measure a lower flux of
neutrons.

 Hence overestimate the porosity. This is called the chlorine effect.

Shale effect:-
Shale contain clays that have a significant amount of surface absorbed
(bound) water. Hence shales can contain a significant proportion of
hydrogen's despite being low porosity.
The apparent porosity read from the neutron tool in shale formations is
therefore always significantly higher than it really is. This is called the shale
Depth of Investigation
• The depth of investigation of the CNL tool in a water saturated formation of 35%
porosity is about
12 inches, and that of the SNP tool in the same formation is about 8 inches.

Vertical resolution
As with most tools the vertical resolution is defined by the source detector
spacing for single detector tools and the spacing between the two detectors
for dual detector tools.

 The vertical resolution of neutron tools is a little greater than these

spacings.

 For the GNT tool the vertical resolution is 16 inches or 20 inches

depending upon
which of the two source-detector spacings possible for this tool are used.

The vertical resolution of the SNP tool is 16 inches, and for the CNL
tool is 10 inches.
 Lithological Identification using
theNeutron-Density
Combination
Both the densitylog and the neutron log give a direct measurement of
Total porosity.

Note that the compatible scale here is Density (1.95 to 2.95 g/cm3) and
Neutron (-15 to 45% limestone porosity units). This is the most commonly
used scale range.

The cross-plot that for density and neutron logs plotted on compatible
scales, there will be a separation of the density and the neutron logs for
sandstone and dolomite, but no separation for limestone.

The sandstone separation is called negative separation and the dolomite

separation is in the other direction and slightly larger, and is called positive
separation.
 Clean
Formations
There is no separation for pure limestones, and the porosity value that the
log gives
is accurate.
 There is a small negative separation for clean sandstones.
 There is a moderate positive separation for pure dolomites.
Example of Porosity
Log
 Neut ron
4 Porosit -
5 y 15

Shal
e

San

Shal
San
d
e
Shal
e
 Density and Neutron
1.9 Density
4
5 2.95
5 Neutron -15

Shal
e

San

Gas
Shal
San
d

Liquid e

Shal
Neutron Logging Applications:-
 Porosity, usually in combination with the density tool.

Gas detection, usually in combination with the density tool,

but also with a sonic tool.

 Calculate shale volume, in combination with the density

tool.

 Lithology indication, again in combination with the density

log and/or
sonic log.

 formation fluid type.

 Can be run in both open and cased holes

• Combinable with most other logging tools

 SONIC LOG
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC DT

SPC SNC RHOC

-160 MV 40 CNLLC
0 ACAL 150 0.2 MLLCF 0.2
200 0.45
1.95 2.95 150 us/f
50
6 16 0.2 -0.15
200
200 DT
10700

150 us/f 50

10800

Sonic
Log

10900
OVERVIEW
SONIC TOOLS
Acoustic tools measure the speed of sound waves in
subsurface formations. While the acoustic log can be
used to determine porosity in consolidated formations.

T Acoustic Borehole compensated sonic tools have

Transmitt two acoustic transmitters and four
a er acoustic receivers
Acousti
c The transmitters emit compressional sound
R waves
into the
1 formation
 R The receivers measure the time it takes
t 4 for the wave to travel through the
Acousti formation to the
receiv
R 
Receiver
c er
2 t s Travel time or  t is the time difference
R of theas it is received at both
wave
3 receivers
Travel time depends on formation
T Acoustic
porosity, and pore
lithology,
Transmitt
b er fluid
 Basic Tool Theory
• Sound energy is focused into the formation
– The waveform received contains all the information
about
how this energy is dissipated.
T Values
Material DTma( sec/ft)
CALCITE (limestone) 47.5
QUARTZ (sandstone) 55.5
DOLOMITE 43.5
ANHYDRITE 50.0
Shale 80-120
STEEL CASING 57.0
FRESH MUD 189
OIL 240
GAS 666
 Acoustic
14 us/ 4
0 ft 0

Shal
e

San

Gas
Shal
San
d

Liquid e

Shal
Acoustic Porosity
Observed Delta Time
DT =
Shal Volume Fluid x Fluid
e density
+
San Volume Rock x Rock
d density

∆tlog = Ф ∆tf + ( 1-Ф )

Shal
∆tmatrix
e
Δtlog  Δtma
Øs
Δtf Δtma
8 San 
0 d Sand DT =
55
Water DT =
Shal 189
DT 80 -> Porosity =
e 18.5%
Sonic Logging Applications:-
Indicating lithology (using the ratio of compressional velocity over
shear velocity)

 Determining integrated travel time (an important tool for

seismic/wellbore correlation)

 Correlation with other wells

 Detecting fractures and evaluating secondary porosity

 Determining acoustic impedance (in combination with the density

log).

• Indicate formation gas

• Can be run in both open and cased holes