Building Java

Programs

1
 Modify-and-assign
operators
shortcuts to modify a variable's value

Shorthand Equivalent longer version

variable += value; variable = variable + value;
variable -= value; variable = variable - value;
variable *= value; variable = variable * value;
variable /= value; variable = variable / value;
variable %= value; variable = variable % value;

x += 3; // x = x + 3;
gpa -= 0.5; // gpa = gpa - 0.5;
number *= 2; // number = number * 2;

2
 Increment and decrement
shortcuts to increase or decrease a variable's value
by 1

Shorthand Equivalent longer version

variable++; variable = variable + 1;
variable--; variable = variable - 1;

int x = 2;
x++; // x = x + 1; (or x += 1;
)
// x now stores 3
double gpa = 2.5;
gpa--; // gpa -= 1;
// gpa now stores 1.5
3
 Repetition over a range
System.out.println(1 + " squared = " + 1 * 1);
System.out.println(2 + " squared = " + 2 * 2);
System.out.println(3 + " squared = " + 3 * 3);
System.out.println(4 + " squared = " + 4 * 4);
System.out.println(5 + " squared = " + 5 * 5);
System.out.println(6 + " squared = " + 6 * 6);
 Intuition: "I want to print a line for each number
from 1 to 6"

There's a statement, the for loop, that does just

that!
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
System.out.println(i + " squared = " + (i * i));
}

 "For each integer i from 1 through 6, print ..."

4
 for loop syntax
for (initialization; test; update) { header
statement;
statement;
... body
statement;
}

 Perform initialization once.

 Repeat the following:
 Check if the test is true. If not, stop.
 Execute the statements.
 Perform the update.

5
 Initialization
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
System.out.println(i + " squared = " + (i * i));
}

Tells Java what variable to use in the loop

 Called a loop counter

 Can use any variable name, not just i

 Can start at any value, not just 1

6
 Test
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
System.out.println(i + " squared = " + (i * i));
}

Tests whether the loop should stop

 Typically uses comparison operators:
< less than
<= less than or equal to
> greater than
>= greater than or equal to

7
 Update
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
System.out.println(i + " squared = " + (i * i));
}

What to do after the loop body

 Update the loop-counter variable appropriately
 Without an update, you would have an infinite loop

 Can be any expression:

for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i += 2) {

System.out.println(i);
}

8
 Loop walkthrough
1 2 3
for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) {
4 System.out.println(i + " squared = " + (i * i));
}
5 System.out.println("Whoo!");
1
Output:
2
1 squared = 1
2 squared = 4
3 squared = 9 4
4 squared = 16
Whoo! 3

9
 General repetition
System.out.println("I am so smart");
System.out.println("I am so smart");
System.out.println("I am so smart");
System.out.println("I am so smart");
System.out.println("I am so smart");
System.out.println("S-M-R-T");
System.out.println("I mean S-M-A-R-T");

The loop's body doesn't have to use the counter

variable:
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { // repeat 5 times
System.out.println("I am so smart");
}
System.out.println("S-M-R-T");
System.out.println("I mean S-M-A-R-T");

10
 Multi-line loop body
Output:
+----+
\ /
/ \
\ /
/ \
\ /
/ \
+----+

System.out.println("+----+");
for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
System.out.println("\\ /");
System.out.println("/ \\");
}
System.out.println("+----+");
11
Expressions for counter
int highTemp = 5;
for (int i = -3; i <= highTemp / 2; i++) {
System.out.println(i * 1.8 + 32);
}

 Output:
26.6
28.4
30.2
32.0
33.8
35.6

12
 System.out.print
Prints without moving to a new line
 allows you to print partial messages on the same
line

int highestTemp = 5;
for (int i = -3; i <= highestTemp / 2; i++) {
System.out.print((i * 1.8 + 32) + " ");
}

• Output:
26.6 28.4 30.2 32.0 33.8 35.6

13
 Counting down
The update can use -- to make the loop count down.
 Be sure to use the right test (> or >= instead of <
or <=)

System.out.print("T-minus ");
for (int i = 10; i >= 1; i--) {
System.out.print(i + ", ");
}
System.out.println("blastoff!");

 Output:
T-minus 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, blastoff!

14
 Where are we
Done: many basic features of Java
 Static methods
 int, double, and strings
 Expressions: +, -, *, /, %, <, <=, >, >=
 Variables
 For loops
 System.out.println and System.out.print

Many more features to come, but first how to use

for loops effectively
 No new rules, just new programming patterns
 And practice designing programs
 For loops can nest (be inside other for loops)

15
Mapping loops to numbers
for (int count = 1; count <= 5; count++) {
...
}

 What statement in the body would cause the loop to

print:
4 7 10 13 16

for (int count = 1; count <= 5; count++) {

System.out.print(3 * count + 1 + " ");
}

16
 Loop tables
What statement in the body would cause the loop to
print:
2 7 12 17 22

To see patterns, make a table of count and the

numbers.
 Each time count goes up by 1, the number should go
upcount
by 5.
number to 5 * count 5 * count -
 But count * 5 is too great by 33, so we subtract 3.
print
5
1 2 2
10
2 7 7
15
3 12 12
20
4 17 17
25
5 22 22
17
 Loop tables question
What statement in the body would cause the loop to
print:
17 13 9 5 1

• You try it…

 Each time count goes up 1, the number printed should
...
 But this multiple is off by a margin of ...
count number to -4 * count -4 * count + 21
print
-4 17
1 17
-8 13
2 13
-12 9
3 9
-16 5
4 5
-20 1
5 1
18
Nested loops

19
 Redundancy between loops
for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
System.out.print(j + "\t"); Output:
} 1 2 3 4 5
System.out.println();
2 4 6 8 10
for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
System.out.print(2 * j + "\t");
3 6 9 12 15
}
System.out.println();
4 8 12 16 20
for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
System.out.print(3 * j + "\t");
}
System.out.println();
for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
System.out.print(4 * j + "\t"){
}
System.out.println();

20
 Nested loops
nested loop: A loop placed inside another loop.
for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
System.out.print((i * j) + "\t");
}
System.out.println(); // to end the line
}

Output:
1 2 3 4 5
2 4 6 8 10
3 6 9 12 15
4 8 12 16 20

Statements in the outer loop's body are executed 4

times.
 The inner loop prints 5 numbers each time it is run.
21
 Nested for loop exercise
What is the output of the following nested for
loops?
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 10; j++) {
System.out.print("*");
}
System.out.println();
}

Output:
**********
**********
**********
**********
**********
********** 22
 Nested for loop exercise
What is the output of the following nested for
loops?
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
System.out.print("*");
}
System.out.println();
}

Output:
*
**
***
****
*****
****** 23
 Nested for loop exercise
What is the output of the following nested for
loops?
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
System.out.print(i);
}
System.out.println();
}

Output:
1
22
333
4444
55555
666666 24
 Complex lines
What nested for loops produce the following
output?
eated characters on each line)

....1
...2
..3 outer loop (loops 5 times because there ar
.4
5

Can build multiple complex lines of output using:

 an outer "vertical" loop for each of the lines
 inner "horizontal" loop(s) for the patterns within
each line

25
 Outer and inner loop
First write the outer loop, from 1 to the number
of lines.
for (int line = 1; line <= 5; line++) {
...
}

Now look at the line contents. Each line has a

pattern:
 some dots (0 dots on the last line)
 a number

....1
...2
..3
.4
5 26
 Nested for loop exercise
Make a table to represent any patterns on each
line.
line # of -1 * line -1 * line + 5
....1 dots -1 4
...2 1 4 -2 3
..3 2 3 -3 2
.4 3 2 -4 1
5
4 1 -5 0
5 0

To print a character multiple times, use a for

loop.
for (int j = 1; j <= 4; j++) {
System.out.print("."); // 4 dots
} 27
 Nested for loop solution
Answer:
for (int line = 1; line <= 5; line++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= (-1 * line + 5); j++) {
System.out.print(".");
}
System.out.println(line);
}

Output:
....1
...2
..3
.4
5

28
 Nested for loop exercise
What is the output of the following nested for
loops?
for (int line = 1; line <= 5; line++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= (-1 * line + 5); j++) {
System.out.print(".");
}
for (int k = 1; k <= line; k++) {
System.out.print(line);
}
System.out.println();
}
Answer:
....1
...22
..333
.4444
55555 29
 Nested for loop exercise
Modify the previous code to produce this output:
....1
...2.
..3..
.4...
5....
Answer:
for (int line = 1; line <= 5; line++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= (-1 * line + 5); j++) {
System.out.print(".");
}
System.out.print(line);
for (int j = 1; j <= (line - 1); j++) {
System.out.print(".");
}
System.out.println();
}
30
 Common errors
Both of the following sets of code produce
infinite loops:
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
for (int j = 1; i <= 5; j++) {
System.out.print(j);
}
System.out.println();
}

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

for (int j = 1; j <= 5; i++) {
System.out.print(j);
}
System.out.println();
}

31