P2 Chapter 2 :: Functions &

Graphs
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Chapter Overview

1:: The Modulus Function 2:: Mappings vs Functions,

Solve Domain and Range
If , find the range of .

3:: Composite Functions 4:: Inverse Functions

If and If , determine .
, determine:
a)
b)
5:: Transformations of the form or . Combined
transformations and transforming the modulus
function.
1 :: The Modulus Function
! The modulus of a number , written , is its non-negative numerical value.
e.g. and

𝑏 𝑎

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The modulus function is particularly useful in expressing a difference. We

generally like to quote differences as positive values, but may be negative if
is smaller than . By using , we get round this problem!

More fundamentally, the modulus of a value gives us its ‘magnitude’, i.e. size;
from Mechanics, you should also be used to the notion the distances and
speeds are quoted as positive values.
And in Pure Year 1 we saw the same notation used for vectors: gives us the
magnitude/length of the vector . It’s the same function!
Examples
If , find
a)
b)
c)

𝒇 (𝟓 )=|𝟐 (𝟓 ) −𝟑|?+𝟏=|𝟕|+𝟏=𝟖
Modulus Graphs
𝑦=¿ 𝑥∨¿
-2 -1 0 1 2

?2 ?1 ?0 ?1 ?2

(− 2 ,2) (2 , 2)
(−1 , 1) (1 , 1)

(0 , 0)

! To sketch , sketch then

reflect up any section below
the -axis.
Modulus Graphs
Sketch Solve
𝑦 𝑦 As you would have done in
Pure Year 1, sketch a line for
Tip: I like to each side of the equation,
sketch the
non-modulus
𝑦 =5 so that we can use the
points of intersection.
graph first with
3 a dotted line. 3 This is the intersection of

3 𝑥 3 𝑥 with the original

unreflected graph, i.e. .
This is the intersection of
2 with the reflected (i.e. 2
−3 negated) graph, i.e. . −3

Solve
Solve
𝑦
The graph of needs to be above .
By observation (and using our points
5 of intersection), this occurs when

2
6 𝑥
52
Test Your Understanding
Solve Solve
(be careful – there’s only one solution!)
𝑦 𝑦

1 1
𝑥 1
𝑥
4

We can see the line Determine ‘critical values’:

only intersects with
the reflected part of
the modulus graph.
? ?
Exercise 2A
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 2/AS
Page 18
 What is a mapping?
Inputs A mapping is something which maps
one set of numbers to another.

-1 -1 Outputs

0 1

1.7 4.4
2 5

3.1 7.2

... ...

! The domain is the set of possible inputs. ! The range is the set of possible outputs.
Types of mapping:

Many to one Many to many

One to many One to one

What is a function?
 A function is a mapping such that every element of the domain is mapped to
exactly one element of the range. Any mapping that is one to one or many to
one is also a function. Every x value only produces one y value, although a y
value could have come from more than one x value.

Can you think of any examples??

Notation: 𝑓 : 𝑥 →2 𝑥+ 1 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =2 𝑥 +1

refers to the output of the function.

One-to-one vs Many-to-one
While functions permit an input only to be mapped to one output, there’s
nothing stopping multiple different inputs mapping to the same output.

Type Description Example

𝑦
Many-to-one Multiple inputs can map 𝑦 =𝑥2
function to the same output.

2
? 4
e.g. ? 𝑥
-2

You can use the

One-to-one Each output has one ‘horizontal ray test’

function input and vice versa. 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =2 𝑥 +1 to see if a function is

one-to-one or many-
to-one.
2 ? 5 ?
3 7
4 9
 What is a function?
Note: We can illustrate a mapping/function

𝑦
graphically, by plotting a point if maps to . For

Function? 𝑦
this reason we write to mean “make the output
of the function”.
For each value of (except
0), we get two values of !
We say this is a one-to-
many mapping.

Tip: Use the ‘vertical ray

test’. If a vertically fired ray
For each input ( value),
we only get one output
𝑥
can hit the curve multiple
( value)
times, it is NOT a function. No Yes

𝑥
No Yes
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =√ 𝑥 Domain:
We can’t square root a negative
Yes number, but the input set is , so
No some inputs don’t map to a value.

𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =2
𝑥
Domain:
(i.e. all real values) 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =± √ 𝑥 Domain:
but also. This is one-to-many so
No Yes No Yes not a function.
Domain/Range
It is important that you can identify the range for common graphs, using a suitable sketch:

Range:
Range:
? ?

Range: Range:
? ?

Range: ?
Be careful in noting the domain – it may be ‘restricted’, which similarly restricts
the range. Again, use a sketch!

Range:
?
Further Examples
It is often helpful to sketch the function to reason about the range.

Find the range of each of the following functions. We use to refer to the
a) , domain input, and to refer to the
b) , domain output.
Thus your ranges should
c) , domain } be in terms of .
State if the functions are one-to-one or many-to-one.

a b 𝑦 c 𝑦
Therefore range is 25 𝑦 =𝑔 (𝑥)
is one-to-one. 1
3
? 𝑥
−5 5𝑥 3
? ?
Using graph, range is Using graph, range is

is one-to-one.
is many-to-one.
Piecewise Functions
A ‘piecewise function’ is one which is defined in parts: we can use different
rules for different intervals within the domain.

The function is defined by

a) Sketch , and state the range of .

b) Solve

a 𝑦 b Using the graph, the

𝑦 =5 − 2 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑥 + 3
2 range is 𝑦 2
𝑦 =𝑥 + 3
When : 19
5
?
The filled/unfilled circles
4 have the same meaning as When : 5
3
with inequalities on a
number line – unfilled
? 4
indicates not included.
3

𝑥 1 𝑥
1
corresponds to a part of
the curve which was
never used.
Piecewise Functions
Example 2

?
Test Your Understanding
Edexcel C4 June 2012 Q6a Edexcel C4 June 2010 Q4d
The function is defined by The function is defined by

State the range of . Find the range of .

𝑦 Hint: Identify the minimum point first, as this may

or may not affect the range.
Extra Hint: Carefully consider the stated domain.

𝑦 =2 𝑦
𝑥 So minimum point is
(5,6) At two end points of curve:

? 1 Therefore range:
𝑥?
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) >2 ( 2,−3 )
Notice the range doesn’t
include 2, as the line never
reaches the asymptote.
Exercise 2B
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 2/AS
Pages 30-32
Just for your interest…
What is the difference between the notation
and ?
means “the value of is a mapping To solve an equation means to find
from to ”. the values of the variables, e.g. the
“solution” of is .
e 1
You’re used to variables, e.g. , representing
en c
numerical values. But we’ve also seen that the eq u To solve a functional equation
value of a variable can be a vector, e.g. , sets, e.g. on s means to find the ‘values’ of .
C
and so on. So when we use on its own, its
‘value’ is a mapping, in this case with the value . Solve
This notation therefore places more emphasis
on the value of , and its ‘value’ as a mapping. One solution to this equation is because and .
To fully solve this functional equation means to find
Co all functions which satisfy the equation.
ns
eq See http://www.drfrostmaths.com/resources/resource.php?rid=165
ue
means “the output of is ”. nc
e2
A bit of Computer Science!
In many programming languages, we can pass
It’s easy to think that the notation “” refers to the functions as the parameters of a method, when a
function. It doesn’t! The is the function, and the variable is allowed to have a function as its value.
appendage obtains the output of the function when the We could code a function map function map(f, a) {
input is . Therefore refers specifically to the output of the which takes a list, say , and let b be a new list
function, which is why we write the range of a function in applies a function to each item of for(i from 1 to size(a)) {
this list. bi = f(ai)
terms of (and not in terms of ).
e.g. map(xx+1,[1,2,3]) }
This notation therefore places more emphasis on the return b
would output [2,3,4].
output of . }
Composite Functions
Sometimes we may apply multiple functions in succession to an input.
These combined functions are known as a composite function.

𝑓 𝑔

𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑔𝑓 ( 𝑥 )

𝑔𝑓

! means , i.e. is applied first, then .

Examples
Let , and .
What is…

? ?
?
Replace any instance of in
? the outer function with the
inner function.
?

?
?

Solve means
?

?
Further Examples
The functions and are defined by

a) Find b) Solve

a
?
b

𝑦
𝑦 =𝑥 ?
𝑦=¿ 𝑥− 7∨¿
− 𝑥+7=𝑥
It’s the reflected (negated)
part of that is intersecting
7 with

7 𝑥
Test Your Understanding
Edexcel C4 June 2013(R) Q4 Edexcel C4 June 2012 Q6
The functions and and are The functions and are defined
defined by by

b) Find , giving your answer in its

b) Find simplest form.
d) Solve the equation

?b
𝑓𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑓 ¿
?
“ to the power of” and “ of”
are inverse functions so
?d cancel each other out.
Exercise 2C
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 2/AS
Pages 34-35

2 [MAT 2012 Q2]

Extension Let and .
1 [MAT 2014 1F] i) Show that
The functions and are defined for real numbers by and . ii) Note that
The function is applied times and the function is applied Find all the other ways of combining and
times, in some order, to produce the function that result in the function .
iii) Let be integers. Determine the function
It is possible to deduce that:
i) and iv) Let be an integer. How many different ways
ii) is odd and is even. of combining the functions and are there that
iii) is even and is odd. result in the function ?
iv) and are powers of 2.
v) none of the above. i)

ii)
Each application of will oscillate the sign of , so clearly is
iii)
odd, eliminating (ii) and (iv). Each application of doesn’t iv)
change the magnitude of the constant term.
If we’d need 8 applications of to get to 8. An application of If , can vary between 0 and , which is possibilities.
might get us from say 3 to -3. We’d then require and even
?
number of applications of to get back up to 3 (in this case
?
If , can vary between 0 and which is possibilities.
Continuing in this way we get . This can be simplified
to (see Arithmetic Series).
6). So must be even. This leaves (i) and (iii), but there is
more than one way, so the answer is (iii).
Inverse Functions
𝑓 An inverse function does the opposite of the
original function. For example, if , then .
𝑥 𝑦
If , we could do the opposite operations within
the function in reverse order to get back to the
−1 original input:
𝑓
×2 +1

𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑥+1
Notation: Just like means “apply
twice”, means “apply -1 times”,
i.e. once backwards!
This is why we write to mean −1
“inverse sin”. ÷2
Thus

This has appeared in exams before.

Explain why the function must be one-to-one for an inverse function to exist:
If the mapping was many-to-one, then the inverse mapping would be one-to-many.
But this is not a function! ?
More on Inverse Functions
𝑓 In the original function, we have the output
in terms of the input , e.g.

𝑥 𝑦 Therefore if we change the subject to get in

terms of , then we have the input in terms of
the output, i.e. the inverse function!
−1
𝑓
However, we tend to write a function in terms
of , so would write;

If , find If , , determine

𝑥+2
𝑦=3−4𝑥
Use instead of for
convenience.

?
Make the subject.

𝑦= ?

2 𝑥 −1
Replace ’s with
at end.
Graphing an Inverse Function
Notice that -intercepts
become -intercepts, and
vertical asymptotes
We saw that the inverse function effectively become horizontal ones.
swaps the input and output . Thus the and
axis are swapped when sketching the original
𝑦 𝑥=1
function and its inverse. )
−
1 (𝑥
𝑓 )
And since the set of inputs and set of outputs is 𝑦= 𝑓(
𝑥
swapped… 𝑦=
2
𝑦 =1
! The domain of is the range of and
2 𝑥
vice versa. 𝑥
𝑦=
and have the line as a
line of symmetry.

Domain of : Range of :

? ?
The domain of the function is the same as the range of
the inverse, but remember that we write a domain in
terms of , but a range in terms of or .
Example
If is defined as
a) Find the range of .
b) Calculate
c) Sketch the graphs of both functions.
d) State the domain and range of .

𝑦 d Domain of is range
c
a g ? −1 of and range of
𝑦 =𝑔 ( 𝑥) the domain of .
Start with and make the
b
subject, before swapping and . Domain:
? 2 𝑦?=𝑔 (𝑥) ?
Range:

𝑥
2
Further Example
The function is defined by , , .
a) Find
b) Sketch and and state the domain of .
c) Solve the equation .

a c If the function is equal to its inverse, it

? must lie on the line , i.e. :

b 𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
𝑦 =𝑥
?
−1
3 𝑦=𝑓 ( 𝑥)
? Note: There was
3 𝑥 once an exam From graph, we can see
question based we only want positive
on this principle. solution.
Test Your Understanding
Edexcel C4 June 2012 Q6
The function is defined by
,
(d) Find , the inverse function of , stating its domain.
(e) On the same axe sketch the curves with equation and , giving the coordinates of
all the points where the curves cross the axes.

?
Exercise 2D
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 2/AS
Pages 38-39
Sketching and
𝑦 This is a sketch of where

𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 )

a) Sketch Sketch >

𝑦 =¿ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ∨¿
b) Sketch Sketch >
3

−1 3 𝑥
−3
𝑦 = 𝑓 (|𝑥|) −3

The is outside the function so When for example, this becomes +3 before being fed into
affects the value. Any negative the function, therefore we actually use the value when
values will be made positive, so any would have been 3 instead of the original -3.
parts of the graph below the -axis The result is that the graph left of the -axis is discarded and
are flipped upwards. the graph right of it copied over by reflection in the -axis.
Ensure the -intercept is indicated.
Test Your Understanding
Edexcel C4 June 2012 Q4

Sketch >

Sketch >
 Further Test Your Understanding
[Textbook] Sketch for :
a)
b)
b
a
𝑦 𝑦

? ?
𝑥 𝑥
−360° −180° 180 ° 360 ° −360° −180° 180 ° 360 °
Exercise 2E
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 2/AS
Pages 42-44

Extension
1 [SMC 2008 Q25] What is the area of the polygon forms by all the points in
the plane satisfying the inequality ?
A 24 B 32 C 64 D 96 E 112

?
Combining Transformations
RECAP:
Affects which axis? What we expect or opposite?
Change inside 𝑥
? Opposite ?
Change outside 𝑦
? ?
What we expect

There is nothing new here relative to Year 1, except that you might have to
do more than one transformation…

Here is a graph of . Subtract 2 from values.

𝑦 values multiplied by 2.
Sketch the graph of:
𝑦= 𝑓 (𝑥) a) 𝑦 Start with the points you
have coordinates of first!

𝐵 (6 , 4 ) 𝑦= 𝑓 (𝑥) (4,8)
? 𝐵 (6 , 4 )
𝑂 𝑥
𝐴 ( 2, −1 ) 𝑂 𝑥
𝐴 ( 2, −1 )

( 0 ,− 2 )
Combining Transformations
𝑦 Here is a graph of .
Sketch the graph of: Halve values.
𝑦= 𝑓 (𝑥) b) values negated.

𝐵 (6 , 4 )
𝑦
𝑦= 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑂 𝑥 ?b
( 1 , 1)
𝐴 ( 2, −1 )
𝑂 𝑥
c) (3 , − 4 )

𝐵 ( −6 , 4 )
𝐴 (− 2 ,1 ) ? c𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
values negated.
𝑂
𝑥 Negative flipped up.
Test Your Understanding
C4 June 2011 Q3

?a ?b
What if two changes or two changes?

𝑦 =2 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) +1 Sketch
The values are multiplied by 2,
?
and then 1 is added.
Inverse of is
So multiply values by and then add .

𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 2 𝑥 +1 )
Original asymptote
You will not get multiple
transformations in your exam, but
𝑦 1
was .

theoretically…
𝑥=
?2 So new asymptote is

The easiest way is the think of the inverse

function of , i.e. .
This gives us the changes to the values, 𝑥
? In this case, we
and in the correct order!
would -1 from the values (translation 1
left) and then halve the values (stretch on
-axis of scale factor )
Exercise 2F
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 2/AS
Pages 47-48
Solving Modulus Problems
[Textbook] Given the function ,
(a) Sketch the graph of
(b) State the range of .
(c) Solve the equation

a It is often helpful to sketch the graph in stages as we apply more transformations:

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 =|𝑥 −1|
𝑦 =|𝑥| 3 𝑦 =3|𝑥 −1|
1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 1
3 is outside modulus function
Start with the ‘simplest’ -1 is ‘inside’ function so so affects values.
version of the graph, translate 1 right. 𝑦
𝑦 =3|𝑥 −1|−2

1
-2 is outside modulus function 𝑥
so translate 2 down.
( 1,−2 )
Solving Modulus Problems
[Textbook] Given the function ,
(a) Sketch the graph of
(b) State the range of .
(c) Solve the equation

𝑦
b 𝑦 =3|𝑥 −1|−2
From the graph we observe the
possible outputs (i.e. values):
1
𝑥
?
( 1,−2 )
Solving Modulus Problems
[Textbook] Given the function ,
(a) Sketch the graph of
(b) State the range of .
(c) Solve the equation
c
𝑦 =3|𝑥 −1|−2In Year 1 we saw how we could
𝑦 𝐴 sketch the line representing each
side of the equation, then find the
point of intersection, i.e.
3
𝐵
1 𝑥?
At , this is the intersection of the original
At , this is the intersection of the negated unreflected line (i.e. ) with the line
reflected line (i.e. ) with the (line
1 , −2 )

Fro Note: Only the modulus bit is

negated, not the whole equation.
Test Your Understanding
You can sketch this function by starting with and gradually transform it
C4 June 2008 Q3 as per the previous example.

b
When is not reflected:
a : When ,
When is reflected:

: When , Check:
works
Either works ?
Or ?
: Graph is at its maximum when
Thus (alternative by symmetry, -1 is halfway
between -3 and 1)
Exercise 2G
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 2/AS
Pages 51-52

Extension

[MAT 2006 1I]

The equation has how many solutions?

0 solutions. and are each at least 0, and

thus must both be 0 to add to 0. But if
then , but then .
Alternatively, if we sketch
we can see it never touches the -axis,
?
and therefore has no roots.