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16 views

Lecture slides

Revised business and history slides with LO Tasks

Uploaded by

lmaduna04.m
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The ANC and the End of Apartheid,

1960-1994
HI177 | A History of Africa since 1800
Term 2 | Week 9 | Dr Sacha Hepburn
1960: Sharpeville
Sharpeville and beyond…
• March 1960: PAC sponsored anti-pass
campaign in Sharpeville
• Police repression: 69 killed, many more injured
• Protests across South Africa lead to police
repression and declaration of State of
Emergency
• ANC and PAC banned
• Anti-apartheid activists were forced to go
underground or into exile
• 1960s onwards: pursuit of ‘grand apartheid’
The ANC in the 1960s
• Move towards armed struggle
and founding of Umkhonto
we Sizwe (MK) 1961
• Activists driven underground
or into exile
• 1962 Mandela captured; 1963
arrest of other key activists
• 1963-4: Rivonia Trial
• Overt political resistance
declined but shift to a
national liberation movement,
with key players in exile
Member of Umkhonto we
Sizwe, date unknown
1970s: Diversifying
Resistance
• Reorganization of opposition politics and the rebirth of a
powerful black popular politics
• Diversifying collection of individuals and groups, many of
whom were young
• Black Consciousness Movement: intellectual movement
aimed to restore black African self-respect and confidence
• Student movements, e.g. South African Students
Organisation and South African Students Movement
• Communists and relationships to new socialist states in
Mozambique and Angola; bases also established in
Zimbabwe
1976: Soweto and the Role of
Youth

Young people in Soweto


protest against
apartheid education
policies, 16 June 1976
1976: Soweto and the Role of
Youth
• Schools boycott to protest against the inferior
state of education for black children and
imposition of Afrikaans
• Demonstration on 16 June 1976 involving
thousands of school children
• Conflict with police – hundreds killed in several
weeks, many more injured
• Protest spreads across South Africa, involving
schoolchildren and other anti-apartheid groups
• Thousands arrested and around 12,000
children and youth go into exile
1980s: Violence and
Insurrection
• Early 1980s, anti-apartheid movement within South
Africa was splintered
• 1983: United Democratic Front (UDF) founded. A non-
racial organization aimed to provide direction and unity
• Violence engulfed many African urban areas and fears of
complete social breakdown
• Government agreed to limited reforms
• New constitution in 1984 provided Indian and Coloured
representation but they largely boycotted elections
• ‘Townships’ established in African urban areas with African-
run councils but accused of corruption and violence
continues
• 1985 State of Emergency and mass arrests
• Late 1980s: national Party loses domestic and intl support
1990-1994: A negotiated
end to apartheid
• 1989: F. W. de Klerk becomes
President. Former hardliner
who pursues pragmatism and
reform
• 1990: ANC and PAC unbanned
and Mandela released
• Major apartheid legislation
cancelled
• Violence continues and
threatens success of
negotiations
• Compromise leads to success –
free, non-racial elections held Nelson Mandela and
April 1994 F. W de Klerk
Conclusions:
An Unfinished Struggle
• End of apartheid creates high expectations for reform and
redistribution
• Arguably impossible for Mandela and ANC government to
live up to expectations
• Decades of underinvestment in non-white communities
• Deep structural inequalities across South African society
• Violence remained high, especially in urban areas
• 2019: many South Africans continue to live in poverty,
violence remains a key issue
• Legacies of white colonialism and apartheid
• But also reflect limitations and failings of post-apartheid
governance

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