Week 3 Class 1

2/12/2023 Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 1

 Logic Gates

2/12/2023 Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 2

 Logic Gates

• Digital Circuit : A digital circuit is a circuit where the signal must be

one of two discrete levels.

• For example:
• 0 volt – ‘0’
• 5 volt – ‘1’

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 3

2/12/2023
 Logic Gates

• Logic Gates: Basic circuits/chips used to make the digital circuits.

• Logic gates are made using transistors

• We do not need to know about how transistors make up logic gates

for now.

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 4

2/12/2023
 Logic Gates

Three basic logic gates

AND OR
X Y Z = X+Y NOT
X Y Z = X·Y
0 0 0 0 0 0 X Z =X
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 5
2/12/2023
 Logic Gates
• Gate delay -length of time it takes for an input change to result in the
corresponding output change

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 6

2/12/2023
 Logic Gates

• Different kinds of logic gates

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 7

2/12/2023
 Logic Gates

• Different kinds of logic gates

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 8

2/12/2023
 Logic Gates

• Different kinds of logic gates

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 9

2/12/2023
 Boolean Algebra

2/12/2023 Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 10

 Boolean Algebra

• The Boolean algebra is an algebra dealing with binary variables and

logic operations.

• It helps us mathematically represent digital circuits

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 11

2/12/2023
 Boolean Algebra

Boolean Function
A Boolean equation consisting of a binary variable identifying the
function followed by an equals sign and a Boolean expression.

In simpler terms:
It is a function which takes in some inputs and gives an output.
The inputs can take values of 0’s and 1’s.
The output will be either 0 or 1 depending on the inputs

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 12

2/12/2023
 Boolean Algebra

From a Boolean function we can get:

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 13

2/12/2023
 Boolean Algebra
Basic Identities: In mathematics, an identity is a statement true for all
possible values of its variable or variables.

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 14

2/12/2023
 Boolean Algebra
Basic Identities: In mathematics, an identity is a statement true for all
possible values of its variable or variables.

(1-4 Existence of 0 and 1)

(5-6 Idempotence)
(7-8 Existence of complement)
(9 Involution)

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 15

2/12/2023
 Boolean Algebra

Dual
• The dual of an algebraic
expression is obtained by
interchanging + and · and
interchanging 0’s and 1’s.

• Self dual:
• If the dual expression = the
original expression.

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 16

2/12/2023
 Boolean Algebra

Which of these functions are self dual?

• Example: F = (A + C) · B + 0
dual F = (A · C + B) · 1 = A · C + B
• Example: G = X · Y + (W + Z)
dual G = ((X+Y) · (W · Z)') = ((X+Y) ·(W' + Z')
• Example: H = A · B + A · C + B · C
dual H = (A + B)(A + C)(B + C)= = (A +BC) (B+C) = AB + AC + BC

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 17

2/12/2023
 Boolean Algebra

Which of these functions are self dual?

• Example: F = (A + C) · B + 0
dual F = (A · C + B) · 1 = A · C + B
• Example: G = X · Y + (W + Z)
dual G = (X+Y) · (W · Z) = (X+Y) ·(W + Z)
• Example: H = A · B + A · C + B · C
dual H = (A + B)(A + C)(B + C)= (A +BC) (B+C) = AB + AC + BC

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 18

2/12/2023
 Boolean Algebra

Algebraic Manipulation and Circuit Simplification

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 19

2/12/2023
 Boolean Algebra

Boolean Operator Precedence

• The order of evaluation in a Boolean expression:
• Parenthesis
• NOT
• AND
• OR
• Example:
• F = A(B + C)(C + D)
• With A=0, B=1, C=1, D=0

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 20

2/12/2023
 Boolean Algebra

Proofs
1. X + XY = X
2. XY + XY = X
3. X + XY = X+Y
4. X(X+Y)=X
5. (X+Y)(X+Y)= X
6. X (X+Y)=XY

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 21

2/12/2023
 Boolean Algebra

Proofs: Consensus Theorem

1

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 22

2/12/2023
 Boolean Algebra

• What did we understand by doing the proofs using Boolean Algebra?

⮚ Boolean Algebra based simplifications are difficult

⮚ No organized set of rules
⮚ Trial and error based process

❖We need a better method for simplification (coming soon)

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 23

2/13/2023
 Boolean Algebra

Finding the complement of a function:

Method 1: De Morgan’s :aw

Method 2: Dual+ Complement
each literal

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 24

2/12/2023
 Boolean Algebra

What does a function and the complement of a function mean?

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 25

2/12/2023
 Standard Form and Canonical
Form

2/12/2023 Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 26

 Standard form and canonical form

• Canonical form : Each term of the Boolean expressions contain all

input variables either in true form or in complemented form.

• E.g. :
• F1(A,B,C) = A’B’C + ABC
• F2(A,B,C,D) = A’BCD + AB’C’D + ABCD
• F3(ABC) = (A+B+C’ ) . (A’+B+C) . (A’+B’+C’)

* Canonical sum of products and canonical product of sums

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 27
2/12/2023
 Standard form and canonical form

• Standard form : In this case, there should be at least one term that
does not contain all the variables

• E.g. :
• F1(A,B,C) = A’ + ABC
• F2(A,B,C,D) = A’BD + D + ABCD
• F3(ABC) = (A+B+C’ ) . (C) . (B’+C’)

* Standard sum of products and canonical product of sums

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 28
2/12/2023
 Standard form and canonical form

• What about these two cases?

• F1(A,B) = A+B - Standard sum of products, canonical product of sums

• F2(A,B) = AB - Canonical sum of products, standard product of sums

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 29

2/12/2023
 Standard Form and Canonical Form

Understanding Min Terms

If there are a total of 8 combinations

Then there are 8 min terms.

The min terms for each of the 8

combinations are shown in the table

Denoted by mi

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 30

2/12/2023
 Standard Form and Canonical Form

Understanding Min Terms

If there are a total of 8 combinations

Then there are 8 min terms.

The min terms for each of the 8

combinations are shown in the table

Denoted by Mi

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 31

2/13/2023
 Standard Form and Canonical Form

• We have a chip, we want to know what is the Boolean function

making it work

X F
Y A Chip
Z

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 32

2/12/2023
 Standard Form and Canonical Form

• We try out all possible combinations

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 33

2/12/2023
 Standard Form and Canonical Form

• What is the FUNCTION?

Canonical sum of products

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 34

2/12/2023
 Standard Form and Canonical Form

• What is the FUNCTION?

Canonical product of sums

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 35

2/12/2023
 Standard Form and Canonical Form

Using De Morgans:

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 36

2/12/2023
 Standard Form and Canonical Form

We can simplify canonical forms to get standard forms.

F= X’YZ + XY’Z + XYZ’ + XYZ

F= XY +YZ +ZX

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 37

2/12/2023
 Standard Form and Canonical Form

• Why are both the forms expressed as sums of products or products of

sum?

Keeping 2 levels of circuit

Hence Less effect of gate delay
Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 38
2/12/2023
 Karnaugh Maps

2/13/2023 Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 39

 Remember the problem with Boolean Algebra?

Issues with using Boolean algebra

• Not organized
• Trial and error based approach
• Not always minimal

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 40

2/13/2023
 Remember the problem with Boolean Algebra?

• F= A’BC’ + AB’C’ + AB’C + ABC’ +ABC

• Try to simplify it

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 41

2/13/2023
 Lets use a truth table

Build a truth table for this function:

F= A’BC’ + AB’C’ + AB’C + ABC’ +ABC

Lets see if there is an easier way to simplify

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 42

2/13/2023
 Summary

If you are given a function which you want to simplify then,

⮚ Build a truth table
⮚ Place the values in a Kmap
⮚ Group the adjacent 1’s
⮚ Simplify

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 43

2/13/2023
 Thank You

2/12/2023 Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 44