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Action Potential Ionic Basis - Student File

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11 views39 pages

Action Potential Ionic Basis - Student File

Uploaded by

Tejal a
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Competency 1.

Resting Membrane Potential


and
Action Potential

Dr. Shruthi R
Belloor
Specific learning objectives
• Membrane potential and its measurement

• Action potential and its ionic basis


• All cells display a steady potential difference across the
membrane at rest -----RMP

• Cells can undergo rapid changes in their membrane


potentials. These fluctuations are called electrical
signals.
Membrane potentials can be changed by
applying a stimulus

Stimulus strong enough to develop an action potential in an


excitable tissue is called Threshold stimulus
Electrical signals
Based on the strength of stimulus applied on the cell
Graded Potentials Action Potentials
• Weak stimuli applied • Threshold stimuli applied
• Local lmembrane • Maximum change in
potential change membrane potential
Membrane is less Membrane potential
negative than RMP returns to RMP

Polarization

Steady state of
Membrane potential
potential difference
more negative than
across the membrane
RMP
ACTION Potential
Definition:
The sequence of changes that occurs in the membrane
potential when a threshold stimulus is applied followed
by restoration to the resting level.
ACTION Potential
• Synonyms: Impulse/ spike potential

Potential change is because of influx and


efflux of ions
via ion channels on the membrane
Types of ion channels

Hormone/ neurotransmitter
dependent Responds to stretch

Depends on membrane potential


Recording of Action
potential
• Stimulus is applied by stimulating electrode
• Recording electrodes pick the excitation changes
one --- on the surface of cell membrane
second--- inserted inside the cell
• Recorded on (Cathode ray oscilloscope)
Upstroke Down
stroke
Phases of Action Potential
in nerve fiber
1. Resting Membrane
Potential
2. Stimulus Artifact
3. Latent Period
5
4. Firing Level 6
5. Depolarization
6. Repolarization 7
4
7. After Depolarization
2 3
1
8. After Hyperpolarization 8
1.RMP
• Potential difference
across the membrane
at rest.
• RMP in nerve – 70 mv
• Cell interior is more
negative compared to
exterior.
• Due to excess anions
inside the cell.
2. Stimulus Artifact
• on application of stimulus
• Mild deflection in baseline
• Current leaks and strikes the scope
• Indicates point of stimulus.

Stimulus
artifact
3. Latent Period
• Time between application of stimulus and
onset of AP
• Duration – 1 msec
• Cause :Time taken for impulse to travel
from stimulating electrode
to recording electrode.

LP
Stimulus
artifact
4. Depolarization:
change in membrane potential towards positive side

2 subphases

Slow Depolarization Rapid Depolarization


Slow depolarization
• Due to stimulus
• Few voltage gated sodium channels open
• Activation gate opens
• Na+ influx starts
• Gradually Potential reaches -55 mv
Threshold level/ Firing level
On stimulation

Membrane starts to depolarize ( becomes less negative)

Positive
feedback
spiral/
Hodgkin cycle/
positive
feedback Opening of more
Rapid influx of vicious cycle voltage gated
sodium ions sodium channels
100 fold
increase in
Na+ influx
Rapid depolarization
• On reaching threshold potential
• More voltage gated sodium channels open
• Repid Na+ influx
• Explosive depolarization
• Potential reaches +35 mv
• Movement of potential above Zero is
called over shoot
• Depolarization stops at +35mV
• Na+ channel inactivation
• Na+ Electrical gradient opposes its influx
Phases of Action Potential
in nerve fiber
1. Resting Membrane
Potential
2. Stimulus Artifact
3. Latent Period
5
4. Firing Level 6
5. Depolarization
6. Repolarization 7
4
7. After Depolarization
2 3
1
8. After Hyperpolarization 8
4. Depolarization:
change in membrane potential towards negative side

3 subphases

Rapid After After


Repolarization Depolarization Hyperpolarization
Rapid Repolarization
• With inactivation of Na+ channels
• Voltage-gated potassium ion channels.
• Rapid K+ efflux
• Potential restored to firing level
• Rapid rise and fall of the potential
overshooting Zero potential is called spike
potential
6. After Depolarization
• K+ channels are slow to close
• remain open for another millisec
• Slow K+ efflux continuous
• Results in repolarization below firing level

6
7.After Hyperpolarization
• K+ efflux continuous even after reaching RMP
• Membrane potential becomes more negative
(70-80 mV)
• Later K+ channels close
• Na+ - K+ pump restores RMP
8) Restoration of RMP
• Excess K+ ions have moved out in repolarization
• Na+ -K+ pump restores the membrane potential to
RMP
31
The Action Potential

Activation gates
of the Na+ channels are open, but the K+ channels
remain closed. Na+ ions rush into the cell, and Na+ close and potassium channels
the interior of the cell becomes more positive. open. K+ ions leave the cell and
the loss of positive charge causes
the inside of the cell to become
more negative than the outside.

A stimulus opens some Na+ channels.


If the Na+ influx achieves threshold potential,
then additional Na+ gates open, triggering an action potential.

Both Na+ & K+ channels are closed, and the Na+ channels are closed,
membrane’s resting potential is maintained. but the slower K+ remain open. Within 32 a
millisecond, the resting state is restored.
Depolarization Repolarization 4ms

Stimulus
After Depolarization
artifact

Latent period After hyperpolarization


FIRING LEVEL
35-40ms
Recording of Action Potential
Revision
Genesis of Action Potential

On application of threshold
stimulus

Few Na+ voltage gated


channels open up on the
membrane

Na+ enters the cells

Cell interior becomes less


negative --- Depolarization
Genesis of Action Potential
when depolarization reaches
firing level (-55mV)

More voltage gated Na+ channels


open on the membrane

Na+ ions rush inside


causing explosive
depolarization (+35mV)
Genesis of Action Potential
At a potential of + 35 mV
Na+ channels close
K+ channels open

membrane becomes
permeable to K+ ions

Efflux of K+ causes
Repolarization

Membrane potential is
reversed to RMP
Genesis of Action Potential
On reversal of RMP

voltage gated K+ channels


remains open for longer
duration

excess efflux of K+ causes


hyperpolarization of
membrane (-80mV)

RMP is restored by Na+ - K+


pump

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